World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (WAAVP) guideline: anthelmintic combination products targeting nematode infections of ruminants and horses

Increasing threats from anthelmintic resistant nematode populations warrant and motivate a reappraisal of chemotherapeutic strategies for nematode control in ruminant livestock and horses. The objective of this paper is to present a guideline for the evaluation of products containing two or more constituent anthelmintic actives in a single dosage form for the treatment of nematode infections in these animals. At present, regulatory policies on the approval of such products vary across jurisdictions, and this World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) guideline should enable the harmonization of the requirements. This guideline makes clear recommendations on the minimal standards needed, but stresses that registration dossiers for combination anthelmintic products submitted for approval must conform to the standards and practices already established in existing guidelines for anthelmintics

Some aspects of the host-parasite relationship between goats and gastrointestinal nematodes : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Veterinary Science at Massey University

Content removed due to copyright: Pomroy, W. E., & Charleston, W. A. G. (1989). Development of resistance to trichostrongylus colubriformis in goats. Veterinary Parasitology, 33(3-4), 283-288. Pomroy, W. E., & Charleston, W. A. G. (1989). Failure of young goats to acquire resistance to Haemonchus contortus. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 37, 23-26Experiments were conducted investigating the acquisition, by goats, of resistance to Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis. Neither 5.5 or 14 months old Saanen goats given a trickle infection with H. contortus, which was terminated with anthelmintic after 10 and 14 weeks respectively, showed significant resistance to a challenge infection. Serum pepsinogen levels rose significantly as a result of infection. Serum gastrin levels also rose as a result of infection but, following challenge, were generally higher for naive goats than previously infected goats. There were no significant correlations between worm counts, gastrin and pepsinogen levels at the time of slaughter. By contrast, a high level of resistance to T. colubriformis developed in 9 months old Saanen goats given trickle and two challenge infections. Goats exposed only to the two challenge infections developed worm burdens intermediate between, and significantly different from both trickle-infected and previously uninfected goats given just the second challenge. Both priming infections were removed with anthelmintic. Globule leukocyte (GL) counts in the proximal small intestine of trickle-infected goats were significantly higher than in goats given a single challenge infection, whilst counts for the group given two challenge infections were intermediate and not significantly different from other treatments. Nematode fecundity (eggs per female) and male:female ratios were also significantly decreased in the previously infected goats. Ninety four percent of all T. colubriformis were found in the proximal 50% of the small intestine in both young goats and older goats. Male:female ratios increased and eggs/female nematode decreased with distance down the small intestine. Only about 50% of adult T. colubriformis were recovered from recently killed goats by opening and massaging the small intestine under running water. Antiparasite activity of intestinal mucus from groups of Angora-cross goats killed 9, 18 or 27 days after infection with T. colubriformis, increased significantly in infected versus uninfected goats with no difference between infected groups. However, the establishment rate (57-67%) suggests little immunity was being expressed. Following infection, proximal small intestinal GL counts fell with time but there was still a clear negative relationship between GL counts and worm burdens. Mucosal mast cell and eosinophil counts showed no significant trends relative to duration of infection or worm burden. Differential cell counts were made using a monoclonal antibody to sheep mast cells developed with diaminobenzidine, combined with haematoxylin and Biebrich's scarlet. This method was shown to be superior to others tried. In Angora-cross goats killed sequentially after removal of an infection with T. colubriformis, proximal small intestinal GL counts increased with time. However, antiparasite activity of intestinal mucus was consistently low. GL counts in all these Angora-cross goats were generally higher further down the intestine beyond the location of a large proportion of the T. colubriformis burden. In Angora goats fitted with ileal cannulae and infected with T. colubriformis, antiparasite activity of ileal contents increased significantly with time after infection in all goats. However, the establishment rate (10.6-61.8%) indicated only a moderate degree of resistance was being expressed although a large proportion of established worms were inhibited L3s

United States Bureau of Mines Information Circular 9165

Report issued by the U.S. Bureau of Mines discussing the development and use of fire doors in non-coal mines. As stated in the abstract, "this report discusses current fire-door technology in the context of the underground mine environment and the design, fabrication, lab testing, and in-mine field testing of a mine-worthy fire door" (p. 1). This report includes tables, illustrations, and photographs

Economic analysis of surface mining mobile equipment fire protection systems /

Bibliography: p. 19.Mode of access: Internet

Rapid response pneumatic fire detection for multilevel metal mines : system design and in-mine testing /

Includes bibliographical references (p. 16).Mode of access: Internet

Ultra low frequency electromagnetic fire alarm system for underground mines /

Includes bibliographical references (p. 11).Mode of access: Internet

Evaluation of cross-grazing deer with sheep or cattle, as means to reduces anthelmintic usage to control gastrointestinal and pulmonary nematodes in farmed red deer (Cervus elaphus) in New Zealand

Recent reports indicate that gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) are contributing to significant losses in deer productivity and that anthelmintic resistance has become an issue of concern for deer farmers in New Zealand. The aim of this study was to evaluate cross-grazing of deer with sheep or cattle as an aid for control of gastrointestinal and pulmonary nematode parasites of farmed red deer (Cervus elaphus) in New Zealand. This was a field study replicated over two years (2012 and 2013) for 16 weeks each year at two locations (Massey University, Palmerston North and Invermay AgResearch Centre, Mosgiel). Each farm replicate included four groups (19-20 deer) at each location: red deer cross-grazing with cattle (Deer/Cattle); red deer cross-grazing with sheep (Deer/Sheep); red deer grazing on their own (DeerOwn); and red deer grazing on their own and treated with anthelmintics every two weeks to suppress worm burdens, as a positive control (DeerSup). The key outcome was the number of anthelmintic treatments (AT) given to deer. The decision to treat individual resident deer in Deer/ Cattle, Deer/Sheep and DeerOwn groups was based on 'trigger' criteria including faecal egg count (FEC)>= 250 eggs/g or Dictyocaulus faecal larval count (FLC)>= 100 larvae/g or when growth rate was less than 80 % of the mean of the DeerSup group in the previous two weeks. In addition, to quantify the species of parasites cycling in each group, sets of three 'tracer' deer were introduced to graze with each group at the mid-point and again at the end of each 16 week period in both years at both locations. Least squares means (LSM) of the number of AT given per animal for Deer/Sheep (3.4) and DeerOwn (3.3) groups were significantly higher than for the Deer/Cattle (2.7) group (p 0.05). The LSM of lungworm were fewer in Deer/Sheep (3), Deer/Cattle (4) and DeerSup (3; p < 0.001) groups than in DeerOwn (40) group. The Deer/Cattle and DeerSup groups had significantly higher LSM of liveweight gain over the 16 weeks (p < 0.001) than the other two groups. This study demonstrated that cross-grazing with either sheep or cattle aided control of lungworm and gastrointestinal nematodes in young deer during autumn. However, the advantages varied between the use of sheep or cattle and in the ability to control different species of parasites

Potential contribution of P-glycoproteins to macrocyclic lactone resistance in the cattle parasitic nematode <em>Cooperia oncophora</em>

International audienceResistance against macrocyclic lactones such as ivermectin is widespread among parasitic gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants and is rapidly increasing in cattle parasites. ABC transporters of the subfamily B, the so-called P-glycoproteins (Pgps) have been frequently implicated in ivermectin resistance and are a major cause of multi-drug resistance in protozoa and helminths. The Pgp inhibitor verapamil (VPL) dramatically enhanced susceptibility of the cattle parasitic nematode Cooperia oncophora to ivermectin in vitro as measured in a larval developmental assay and a larval migration inhibition assay using third stage larvae. Moreover, VPL completely restored susceptibility to ivermectin in a resistant isolate resulting in virtually identical dose-response curves of susceptible and resistant isolates in the presence of VPL. Further characterisation of the molecular mechanisms resulting in Pgp-mediated ivermectin resistance is still hampered by the lack of molecular and biochemical information for Pgps of parasitic nematodes. Using PCR with degenerate primers, fragments of four different C. oncophora Pgps could be amplified and the Conpgp-2, previously implicated in macrocyclic lactone resistance in Haemonchus contortus, and Conpgp-3 full-length cDNAs were obtained by RACE PCR. The pgp sequences presented here contribute important data required to systematically screen resistant C. oncophora isolates for up- or down-regulation of Pgps and for the detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms in Pgps to detect selection of specific Pgp alleles by anthelmintics as early as possible