Preparation of an Epoxide Precursor for Palladium-Catalyzed Trimethylenemethane Cycloaddition

In order to produce a highly functionalized five-membered ring useful for further synthetic processes via palladium catalysis, a series of precursors need to be synthesized in order to form the epoxide used in cyclic formation. First, a trimethylsilane alcohol is synthesized from beta-methallyl alcohol. The alcohol will then be subjected to Swern oxidation conditions, forming a TMS aldehyde. The aldehyde prepared will then undergo epoxidation, forming the desired precursor for Palladium catalyzed cycloaddition. These reactions occur in good conversion, and a good amount of epoxide is being amassed for use in the palladium-catalyzed cycloaddition research

What Attributes Explain Variation in the Prices of Willamette Valley Pinot Noir?

Oregon Pinot Noir is known around the world for having a price point that many can afford while not abandoning the quality that was once only produced by reputable French Chateaus. Understanding what makes one bottle cost more than another is something that must be considered in order to find a price that will satisfy both the consumer and the winemaker. The hedonic pricing model used in this research employs data collected from winery websites such as the WineMag, a highly regarded website for ratings of wines across all price points. A cross sectional model is estimated. Results show that three factors of the eight tested are significant in explaining the prices of Pinot Noir. The significant factors are the alcohol percentage of the wine, LIVE (a sustainability certification), and the rating provided by the WineMag

C.P.A. examinations and how to pass them

This treatise forms part of a course in Higher Accountancy undersupervision of William Arthur Chase, LL. B., c. p. a. former president, National Association of Certified Public Accountant Examiners, Ex-Member and Secretary of the State Board of Examiners in Accountancy of Illinois, Member of the Illinois Bar, Consulting Accountant and Auditor, Chicago

Practicing “Whiteness : Jim Crow and Savannah Playgrounds System in the Early 20th Century

About the author William Chase Arrington graduated from Armstrong State University with a B.A. in History in May 2014. He is currently attending Walter F. George School of Law at Mercer University

Simulation for Reliability, Hardware Security, and Ising Computing in VLSI Chip Design

The continued scaling of VLSI circuits has provided a wealth of opportunities andchallenges to the VLSI circuit design area. Both these challenges and opportunities, however,require new simulation tools that can enable their solution or exploitation as classicalmethods typically dealt with problem domains with smaller scales or less complexity. Inthis dissertation, simulation methods are presented to address the emerging VLSI designtopics of Electromigration induced aging and Ising computing and are then applied to theapplication areas of hardware security and graph partitioning respectively.The Electromigration aging effect in VLSI circuits is a long-term reliability issueaffecting current carrying metal wires leading to IR drop degradation. Typically, simpleanalytical equations can determine a wire’s effective age or if it will be affected by the EMaging effect at all. However, these classical methods are overly conservative and can lead toover design or unnecessary design iterations. Furthermore, it is expected that the EM agingeffect will become more severe in future Integrated Cirucits (ICs) due to increasing currentdensities and the prevalance of polycrystaline copper atom structures seen at small wiredimensions. For this reason, more comprehensive simulation techniques that can efficientlysimulate the EM effect with less conservative results can help mitigate overdesign andincrease design margins while reducing design iterations.The area of Hardware Security is becoming increasingly important as the chipsupply chain becomes more globalized and the integrity of chips becomes more diffiuclt toverify. Utilizing the accurate simulation techniques for EM, we can utilize this reliabilityeffect to demonstrate how a reliability based attack could be perpatrated. Furthermore, wecan utilize this aging effect as a defense mechanism to help us validate the integrity of anIC and detect counterfeit chips in the component supply chain market.Ising computing is an emerging method of solving combinatorial optimization problemsby simulating the interactions of so-called spin glasses and their interactions. Borrowingconcepts from quantum computing, this methods mimics the quantum interaction betweenspin glasses in such a way that finding a ground state of these spin glass models leadsto the solution of a particular problem. In this dissertation, effective methods of simulatingthe spin glass interactions using General Purpose Graphics Processing Units (GPGPUs)and finding their ground state are developed.In addition to the GPU based Ising model simulations, important combinatorialproblems can be mapped to the Ising model. In this dissertation the Ising solver is appliedto graph partitioning which can be utilized in VLSI design and many other domains as well.Specifically, solvers for the maxcut problem and the balanced min-cut partitioning problemare developed

Development or Detriment? The World Bank and Economic Disincentives to Water Conservation: Jordan in the 1960s and 1970s

This thesis examines the impact of World Bank development policies on water shortagesin the Middle East and North Africa. Analyzing primary sources from the World Bank Group Archives, I contend that in funding water development projects in the 1960s and 1970s the World Bank and its subsidiaries, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the International Development Association, created economic disincentives to water conservation. These disincentives likely made authorities unable to effectively respond to water shortages that developed in the latter half of the 20th century. The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan is used as a case study, which I argue illuminates active World Bank economic disincentive policies that were enacted throughout the MENA region

Negative Effects Of ComMycorrhizal Networks And Roots On Upland Oak Seedlings In Open-Canopy Woodlands And Closed-Canopy Forests

After extensive logging and fire suppression many oak dominated woodlands or forests are in danger of being replaced by a mix of non-pyrogenic and shade tolerant tree species that benefit from fire suppression. Successful advanced regeneration by oaks in forests and woodlands depends both on the persistence of seedlings in the shade and growth within canopy gaps. Through the sharing of carbon and/or water between adults and seedlings, connection to a commycorrhizal network potentially provides a mechanism by which oak seedlings could persist in shade and/or grow rapidly in dry soils within canopy gaps. A study was conducted to determine the effects of commycorrhizal networks on seedling growth and survival using four plots with variable canopy density and fire history in north Mississippi. Oak seedlings were grown adjacent to mature oak trees in root exclusion cylinders that alloseedlings access to fungal networks but isolated them from direct root competition. A subset of seedlings was trenched to disconnect them from the network. Response variables were relative growth rate of height and diameter, above and belowground biomass, root:shoot ratio, lateral root length, total number mycorrhizal tips and mycorrhizal tip density. Contrary to predictions, connection to a commycorrhizal network did not alleviate either shade stress or water stress, but rather had a negative effect on aboveground biomass. Isolation from roots and commycorrhizal networks led to an increase in total biomass. Connection to a commycorrhizal network led to increased mycorrhizal root tips and an increase in the density of mycorrhizal tips per cm lateral root length. Survival was very high and any treatment effects were negligible. Negative effects of commycorrhizal connections between adults and seedlings of the same genus could be a previously unappreciated mechanism of negative density-dependent seedling growth. We suggest that research into the effect of CMN interaction with oak seedlings include fire or clipping, and drought as treatments to determine the effects of CMNs on oak seedlings during stressful times to further complete the picture of oak seedling interactions with commycorrhizal networks

The Bracero Program in the Arkansas Delta: The Power held by Planter Elite

This paper examines the Bracero Program and its implementation from the start of World War II to the end of the program in 1964. Farmers and planters in America needed a sufficient labor supply once the war started, and Mexico became the main supplier. The Bracero Program was initiated as a war effort and meant to only last until the end of the war, but the planter elite had far different intentions once they realized how productive and inexpensive the program could be. This paper identifies the leading causes for how the Bracero Program was able to last over twenty years