Access to Civil Courts - Indigents - Filing Fee; United States v. Kras

Robert William Kras presented his voluntary petition in bankruptcy to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York in May of 1971. With the petition his Legal Aid Society Attorneys filed a motion for leave to proceed without prepayment of any of the filing fees required as a prerequisite to discharge. Kras alleged that he was unable to pay the fees, even in installments, and that they should not be required of him either because (1) he was entitled to proceed in forma pauperis under the Federal Statute, or (2) because the provisions of the Bankruptcy Act, which conditioned a discharge upon payment of a filing fee, would deprive him of his fifth amendment rights to due process and equal protection of the laws. The District Court rejected the statutory claim but granted the petitioner\u27s motion on constitutional grounds. On direct appeal the Supreme Court (5-4 per Blackmun, J.) reversed, holding that Kras had neither a statutory nor a constitutional right to proceed in bankruptcy without first meeting the fee obligations. In so holding, the Court refused to extend the access to the courts principle of Boddie v. Connecticut beyond its limited facts, i.e.: an interest of basic importance to our society coupled with a state monopolization of the means for legally dissolving [the] relationship

The evolution and ecology of multiple antipredator defences

Prey seldom rely on a single type of antipredator defence, often using multiple de-fences to avoid predation. In many cases, selection in different contexts may favour the evolution of multiple defences in a prey. However, a prey may use multiple de-fences to protect itself during a single predator encounter. Such “defence portfolios” that defend prey against a single instance of predation are distributed across and within successive stages of the predation sequence (encounter, detection, identifica-tion, approach (attack), subjugation and consumption). We contend that at present, our understanding of defence portfolio evolution is incomplete, and seen from the fragmentary perspective of specific sensory systems (e.g., visual) or specific types of defences (especially aposematism). In this review, we aim to build a comprehen-sive framework for conceptualizing the evolution of multiple prey defences, begin-ning with hypotheses for the evolution of multiple defences in general, and defence portfolios in particular. We then examine idealized models of resource trade-offs and functional interactions between traits, along with evidence supporting them. We find that defence portfolios are constrained by resource allocation to other aspects of life history, as well as functional incompatibilities between different defences. We also find that selection is likely to favour combinations of defences that have synergistic effects on predator behaviour and prey survival. Next, we examine specific aspects of prey ecology, genetics and development, and predator cognition that modify the predictions of current hypotheses or introduce competing hypotheses. We outline schema for gathering data on the distribution of prey defences across species and ge-ography, determining how multiple defences are produced, and testing the proximate mechanisms by which multiple prey defences impact predator behaviour. Adopting these approaches will strengthen our understanding of multiple defensive strategies

Corporal Punishment in the Public Schools: The Legal Question

PUBLIC EDUCATION in the United States has come a long way since the one-room schoolhouse days. This phenomenal growth has been paced by the controversy surrounding the use of corporal punishment as a means of enforcing discipline in the schools. From the oldest reported case reaching the issue of corporal punishment\u27 back in 1833 down to the present, the proponents of corporal punishment have had to defend their actions in the courts from a wide variety of attacks based on criminal law, tort law, state statutes, school board regulations and, most recently, constitutional guarantees. Although the attacks on corporal punishment have been largely unsuccessful, the recognition by the courts of the substantive and procedural constitutional rights of students who attend public schools in the last fifteen years has sparked new constitutional challenges. The early cases generally treated corporal punishment in one of three contexts: (a) in criminal prosecutions by the state against a teacher for assault and battery on a pupil, (b) in civil actions for damages for physical injuries resulting from the use of corporal punishment on a pupil, and (c) in cases where a teacher is a party to an action arising out of his dismissal for use or misuse of corporal punishment. The Supreme Court did not rule directly on the regulation of student behavior per se until Tinker v. Des Moines School Dist. in 19696 and the first appellate hairstyle decision was not decided until 1965. Although the most litigated area recently concerns student expulsions the topic of corporal punishment has been in the courts, and with more litigation pending, needs careful scrutiny

Why don’t long-finned pilot whales have a widespread postreproductive lifespan? Insights from genetic data

In a handful of mammals, females show an extended post-reproductive lifespan (PRLS), leading to questions over why they spend a substantial portion of their lifespan non-reproductive. Theoretical and empirical studies suggest that PRLS may evolve when (1) demographic patterns lead to increasing local relatedness as females age, and (2) females come into reproductive competition with their daughters, as these conditions lead to high relative benefits of helping kin versus reproducing in later life. However, evolutionary pathways to PRLS are poorly understood and empirical studies are scarce. Here, we use a dataset of 1522 individuals comprising 22 pods to investigate patterns of reproduction and relatedness in long-finned pilot whales Globicephala melas; a toothed whale without species-wide PRLS. We find a similar relatedness structure to whales with PRLS: pods appear composed of related matrilines, and relatedness of females to their pod increases with age, suggesting that this species could benefit from late-life help. Furthermore, females with a large number of philopatric adult daughters (but not sons) are less likely to reproduce, implying intergenerational reproductive competition between females. This suggests that individuals may display a plastic cessation of reproduction, switching to investing in existing offspring when they come into competition with their daughters. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time such a relationship has been described in relation to PRLS, and it raises questions about whether this represents a step towards evolving PRLS or is a stable alternative strategy to widespread post-reproductive periods

The effectiveness of modern instructional materials in a general mathematics class

Call number: LD2668 .R4 1966 A66

Disodium (2RS,3SR)-tartrate

The asymmetric unit of the anhydrous title compound, 2Na+·C4H4O6 2−, contains two sodium cations and one tartrate anion. Each sodium ion is six coordinate, with bonding to six O atoms from both the carboxyl­ate and hydroxyl groups of the anion. A three-dimensional coordination network is formed with sodium ions stacking in layers along the c-axis direction. This network is supported by additional O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds

Elucidating the domain architecture and functions of non-core RAG1: The capacity of a non-core zinc-binding domain to function in nuclear import and nucleic acid binding

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The repertoire of the antigen-binding receptors originates from the rearrangement of immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor genetic loci in a process known as V(D)J recombination. The initial site-specific DNA cleavage steps of this process are catalyzed by the lymphoid specific proteins RAG1 and RAG2. The majority of studies on RAG1 and RAG2 have focused on the minimal, core regions required for catalytic activity. Though not absolutely required, non-core regions of RAG1 and RAG2 have been shown to influence the efficiency and fidelity of the recombination reaction.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Using a partial proteolysis approach in combination with bioinformatics analyses, we identified the domain boundaries of a structural domain that is present in the 380-residue N-terminal non-core region of RAG1. We term this domain the Central Non-core Domain (CND; residues 87-217).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>We show how the CND alone, and in combination with other regions of non-core RAG1, functions in nuclear localization, zinc coordination, and interactions with nucleic acid. Together, these results demonstrate the multiple roles that the non-core region can play in the function of the full length protein.</p

(R,R)-Disynephrine ether bis­(hydrogen sulfate)

The asymmetric unit of the title compound [systematic name: (R,R)-2,4-bis­(4-hydroxy­phen­yl)-N,N′-dimethyl-3-oxapentane-1,5-diammonium bis­(hydrogen sulfate)], C18H26N2O3 2+·2HSO4 −, contains one half-cation and one hydrogen sulfate anion. The cation has crystallographically imposed twofold symmetry with the rotation axis passing through the central ether O atom. Hydrogen bonds between the hydr­oxy group and amine H atoms of the cation to two hydrogen sulfate anions link the three ions in a ring motif. A three-dimensional network is accomplished by additional O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds between the anions and by N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds between the cations. Disorder with equally occupied sites affects the H-atom position in the anion

The effect of serving temperature upon consumer acceptance of ice creams and sherbets

Publication authorized January 12, 1938."The data presented in this bulletin were taken from a thesis submitted by the junior author in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Graduate School of the University of Missouri, 1937"--P. [3].Digitized 2007 AES.Includes bibliographical references (page 34)