The molecular structure of the interface between water and a hydrophobic substrate is liquid-vapor like

With molecular simulation for water and a tunable hydrophobic substrate, we apply the instantaneous interface construction [A. P. Willard and D. Chandler, J. Phys. Chem. B, 114, 1954 (2010)] to examine the similarity between a water-vapor interface and a water-hydrophobic surface interface. The intrinsic interface refers to molecular structure in terms of distances from the instantaneous interface. We show that attractive interactions between a hydrophobic surface and water affect capillary wave fluctuations of the instantaneous liquid interface, but these attractive interactions have essentially no effect on the intrinsic interface. Further, the intrinsic interface of liquid water and a hydrophobic substrate differs little from that of water and its vapor.The same is not true, we show, for an interface between water and a hydrophilic substrate. In that case, strong directional substrate-water interactions disrupt the liquid-vapor-like interfacial hydrogen bonding network.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figure

Three-body Hydrogen Bond Defects Contribute Significantly to the Dielectric Properties of the Liquid Water-Vapor Interface

In this Letter, we present a simple model of aqueous interfacial molecular structure and we use this model to isolate the effects of hydrogen bonding on the dielectric properties of the liquid water-vapor interface. By comparing this model to the results of atomistic simulation we show that the anisotropic distribution of molecular orientations at the interface can be understood by considering the behavior of a single water molecule interacting with the average interfacial density field via an empirical hydrogen bonding potential. We illustrate that the depth dependence of this orientational anisotropy is determined by the geometric constraints of hydrogen bonding and we show that the primary features of simulated orientational distributions can be reproduced by assuming an idealized, perfectly tetrahedral hydrogen bonding geometry. We also demonstrate that non-ideal hydrogen bond geometries are required to produce interfacial variations in the average orientational polarization and polarizability. We find that these interfacial properties contain significant contributions from a specific type of geometrically distorted three-body hydrogen bond defect that is preferentially stabilized at the interface. Our findings thus reveal that the dielectric properties of the liquid water-vapor interface are determined by collective molecular interactions that are unique to the interfacial environment.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure, S

Characterizing Hydration Properties Based on the Orientational Structure of Interfacial Water Molecules

In this manuscript, we present a general computational method for characterizing the molecular structure of liquid water interfaces as sampled from atomistic simulations. With this method, the interfacial structure is quantified based on the statistical analysis of the orientational configurations of interfacial water molecules. The method can be applied to generate position dependent maps of the hydration properties of heterogeneous surfaces. We present an application to the characterization of surface hydrophobicity, which we use to analyze simulations of a hydrated protein. We demonstrate that this approach is capable of revealing microscopic details of the collective dynamics of a protein hydration shell.Comment: 13 pages, 6 figure

Solvation at Aqueous Metal Electrodes

We present a study of the solvation properties of model aqueous electrode interfaces. The exposed electrodes we study strongly bind water and have closed packed crystalline surfaces, which template an ordered water adlayer adjacent to the interface. We find that these ordered water structures facilitate collective responses in the presence of solutes that are correlated over large lengthscales and across long timescales. Specifically, we show that the liquid water adjacent to the ordered adlayers forms a soft, liquid-vapor-like interface with concomitant manifestations of hydrophobicity. Temporal defects in the adlayer configurations create a dynamic heterogeneity in the degree to which different regions of the interface attract hydrophobic species. The structure and heterogeneous dynamics of the adlayer defects depend upon the geometry of the underlying ordered metal surface. For both 100 and 111 surfaces, the dynamical heterogeneity relaxes on times longer than nanoseconds. Along with analyzing time scales associated with these effects, we highlight implications for electrolysis and the particular catalytic efficiency of platinum.Comment: 9 pages, 8 figure

The Enhancement of Interfacial Exciton Dissociation by Energetic Disorder is a Nonequilibrium Effect

The dissociation of excited electron-hole pairs is a microscopic process that is fundamental to the performance of photovoltaic systems. For this process to be successful, the oppositely charged electron and hole must overcome an electrostatic binding energy before they undergo ground state recombination. Here we use a simple model of charge dynamics to investigate the role of molecular disorder in this process. This model reveals that moderate spatial variations in electronic energy levels, such as those that arise in disordered molecular systems, can actually increase charge dissociation yields. We demonstrate that this is a nonequilibrium effect that is mediated by the dissipation driven formation of partially dissociated intermediate states that are long-lived because they cannot easily recombine. We present a kinetic model that incorporates these states and show that it is capable of reproducing similar behavior when it is parameterized with nonequilibrium rates.Comment: 25 pages, 7 figure

Exciton Trapping Is Responsible for the Long Apparent Lifetime in Acid-Treated MoS2

Here, we show that deep trapped "dark" exciton states are responsible for the surprisingly long lifetime of band-edge photoluminescence in acid-treated single-layer MoS2. Temperature-dependent transient photoluminescence spectroscopy reveals an exponential tail of long-lived states extending hundreds of meV into the band gap. These sub-band states, which are characterized by a 4 microsecond radiative lifetime, quickly capture and store photogenerated excitons before subsequent thermalization up to the band edge where fast radiative recombination occurs. By intentionally saturating these trap states, we are able to measure the "true" 150 ps radiative lifetime of the band-edge exciton at 77 K, which extrapolates to ~600 ps at room temperature. These experiments reveal the dominant role of dark exciton states in acid-treated MoS2, and suggest that excitons spend > 95% of their lifetime at room temperature in trap states below the band edge. We hypothesize that these states are associated with native structural defects, which are not introduced by the superacid treatment; rather, the superacid treatment dramatically reduces non-radiative recombination through these states, extending the exciton lifetime and increasing the likelihood of eventual radiative recombination

Microscopic dynamics of charge separation at the aqueous electrochemical interface

We have used molecular simulation and methods of importance sampling to study the thermodynamics and kinetics of ionic charge separation at a liquid water-metal interface. We have considered this process using canonical examples of two different classes of ions: a simple alkali-halide pair, Na$^+$I$^-$, or classical ions, and the products of water autoionization, H$_3$O$^+$OH$^-$, or water ions. We find that for both ion classes, the microscopic mechanism of charge separation, including water's collective role in the process, is conserved between the bulk liquid and the electrode interface. Despite this, the thermodynamic and kinetic details of the process differ between these two environments in a way that depends on ion type. In the case of the classical ion pairs, a higher free energy barrier to charge separation and a smaller flux over that barrier at the interface, results in a rate of dissociation that is 40x slower relative to the bulk. For water ions, a slightly higher free energy barrier is offset by a higher flux over the barrier from longer lived hydrogen bonding patters at the interface, resulting in a rate of association that is similar both at and away from the interface. We find that these differences in rates and stabilities of charge separation are due to the altered ability of water to solvate and reorganize in the vicinity of the metal interface.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures + S

Can disorder enhance incoherent exciton diffusion?

Recent experiments aimed at probing the dynamics of excitons have revealed that semiconducting films composed of disordered molecular subunits, unlike expectations for their perfectly ordered counterparts, can exhibit a time-dependent diffusivity in which the effective early time diffusion constant is larger than that of the steady state. This observation has led to speculation about what role, if any, microscopic disorder may play in enhancing exciton transport properties. In this article, we present the results of a model study aimed at addressing this point. Specifically, we present a general model, based upon F\"orster theory, for incoherent exciton diffusion in a material composed of independent molecular subunits with static energetic disorder. Energetic disorder leads to heterogeneity in molecule-to-molecule transition rates which we demonstrate has two important consequences related to exciton transport. First, the distribution of local site-specific diffusivity is broadened in a manner that results in a decrease in average exciton diffusivity relative to that in a perfectly ordered film. Second, since excitons prefer to make transitions that are downhill in energy, the steady state distribution of exciton energies is biased towards low energy molecular subunits, those that exhibit reduced diffusivity relative to a perfectly ordered film. These effects combine to reduce the net diffusivity in a manner that is time dependent and grows more pronounced as disorder is increased. Notably, however, we demonstrate that the presence of energetic disorder can give rise to a population of molecular subunits with exciton transfer rates exceeding that of subunits in an energetically uniform material. Such enhancements may play an important role in processes that are sensitive to molecular-scale fluctuations in exciton density field.Comment: 15 pages, 3 figure

Nonequilibrium dynamics of localized and delocalized excitons in colloidal quantum dot solids

Self-assembled quantum dot (QD) solids are a highly tunable class of materials with a wide range of applications in solid-state electronics and optoelectronic devices. In this perspective, we highlight how the presence of microscopic disorder in these materials can influence their macroscopic optoelectronic properties. Specifically, we consider the dynamics of excitons in energetically disordered QD solids using a theoretical model framework for both localized and delocalized excitonic regimes. In both cases, we emphasize the tendency of energetic disorder to promote nonequilibrium relaxation dynamics and discuss how the signatures of these nonequilibrium effects manifest in time-dependent spectral measurements. Moreover, we describe the connection between the microscopic dynamics of excitons within the material and the measurement of material specific parameters, such as emission linewidth broadening and energetic dissipation rate.Comment: 4 figure

Characterizing heterogeneous dynamics at hydrated electrode surfaces

In models of Pt 111 and Pt 100 surfaces in water, motions of molecules in the first hydration layer are spatially and temporally correlated. To interpret these collective motions, we apply quantitative measures of dynamic heterogeneity that are standard tools for considering glassy systems. Specifically, we carry out an analysis in terms of mobility fields and distributions of persistence times and exchange times. In so doing, we show that dynamics in these systems is facilitated by transient disorder in frustrated two-dimensional hydrogen bonding networks. The frustration is the result of unfavorable geometry imposed by strong metal-water bonding. The geometry depends upon the structure of the underlying metal surface. Dynamic heterogeneity of water on the Pt 111 surface is therefore qualitatively different than that for water on the Pt 100 surface. In both cases, statistics of this adlayer dynamic heterogeneity responds asymmetrically to applied voltage.Comment: 6 page, 4 figure