Inter-organizational governance and trilateral trust building: a case study of crowdsourcing-based open innovation in China

In a case study of a Chinese crowdsourcing intermediary, we explore the impact of inter-organizational governance on trilateral trust-building. We show that formal control and relational governance mechanisms are essential for swift and knowledge-based trust in R&D crowdsourcing. The case also indicates that Chinese businesses continue to use guanxi (informal personal connections) as a relational and contingent mechanism to maintain affect-based trust, but guanxi is shown to inhibit the growth of Internet-based crowdsourcing for open innovation in China

Desempenho dos arranjos institucionais e minimização dos custos de transação: transações entre produtores e fecularias de mandioca

No Brasil, a falta de competitividade do setor de fécula de mandioca em relação ao amido de milho é explicada pelas dificuldades em obter matéria-prima - raízes de mandioca - em quantidades e preços estáveis. A resolução desses problemas envolve a adoção de arranjos institucionais que estabilizam as transações entre produtores e industriais. A análise de 37 fecularias permitiu avaliar as características das transações e o desempenho dos arranjos adotados, medido por meio da capacidade das empresas em estabilizar seu fornecimento de matéria-prima. Os arranjos institucionais encontrados foram classificados em seis tipos, do mercado até a integração vertical, em função do nível de garantia oferecido para entrega de matéria-prima. Apesar da existência de especificidade dos ativos e de incerteza, as empresas preferem as transações via mercado spot, arranjo identificado como menos eficiente. A incerteza ligada ao funcionamento das instituições aumenta os custos de transação dos arranjos contratuais, o que explica a preferência dos atores pelo mercado. Os acordos contratuais com garantias intermediárias e fortes foram mais eficientes, mas com maiores custos de transação. Os resultados indicam dois caminhos para melhorar a competitividade do setor: (1) melhoria na eficiência do mercado, sistema com menores custos de transação; (2) redução dos custos de transação dos arranjos institucionais com maiores garantias, o que proporcionaria sistemas mais eficientes. Enquanto nenhuma dessas soluções for adotada, as fecularias brasileiras continuarão com arranjos de baixos custos de transação, mas fraco desempenho.<br>The lack of competitiveness of Brazilian cassava starch industry in relation to corn starch is explained by the difficulty to obtain raw material (cassava roots) in stable quantities and stable prices. The resolution of these problems involves the adoption of governance systems that stabilize the transactions between producers and processing units. The analysis of 37 factories has allowed the evaluation of transaction costs and the performance of adopted governance systems, calculated from the ability to stabilize raw material supply. The governance systems were classified into six groups, from spot market to vertical integration, depending on the level of warranty offered in the delivery of raw material. Despite the identification of asset specificity and transaction risk, cassava starch companies prefer market transaction, a governance system identified as less efficient. The low efficiency of institutions increase transaction costs of contractual governances, which can explain the preference for the market. Contractual agreements with intermediaries and strong warranties are more efficient, but with high transaction costs. These results indicate two ways to improve the competitiveness of the cassava starch industry: (1) improvement in market efficiency, system with lower transaction costs, (2) reduction of transaction costs for governance systems with more warranties, which might generates more efficient systems. While neither of the two solutions is adopted, Brazilian cassava starch industry continues to adopt low transaction costs, but with weak efficiency

The Relationship between Voluntary Disclosure and Independent Directors in the Presence of a Dominant Shareholder

Differently from prior studies that examine the role of stand-alone control systems within the relationship between owners and managers, our study investigates the correlation between two control mechanisms - voluntary disclosure and independent directors - in companies characterized by the presence of a dominant shareholder that is supposed to mitigate the classical agency problem. Based on agency theory, we hypothesize that the two mechanisms tend to coexist, since the presence of either one reduces the costs of introducing the other. Two further effects - the reputation and the domino effect - contribute to determine a positive relationship between the two mechanisms. We carried out the empirical analysis on 175 non-financial Italian listed companies, all controlled by a dominant shareholder. Voluntary disclosure is measured through three alternative disclosure indexes. Independent directors are identified not only according to a formal/legal definition, but also through stricter criteria. The empirical test is based on a multivariate analysis controlling for size, residual ownership diffusion, leverage, profitability and labour pressure. Results support our hypothesis and are robust to alternative criteria to identify dominant shareholders. Our study contributes to a better understanding of the relationship between different control mechanisms in particular agency settings.

A Social Contract Account for CSR as an Extended Model of Corporate Governance (I): Rational Bargaining and Justification

This essay seeks to give a contractarian foundation to the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), meant as an extended model of corporate governance of the firm. It focuses on justification according to the contractarian point of view (leaving compliance and implementation problems to a related article, [Sacconi 2004b, forthcoming in the Journal of Business Ethics]). It begins by providing a definition of CSR as an extended model of corporate governance, based on the fiduciary duties owed to all the firm’s stakeholders. Then, by establishing the basic context of incompleteness of contracts and abuse of authority, it analyses how the extended view of corporate governance arises directly from criticism of the contemporary neo-institutional economic theory of the firm. Thereafter, an application of the theory of bargaining games is used to deduce the structure of a multi-stakeholder firm, on the basis of the idea of a constitutional contract, which satisfies basic requirements of impartial justification and accordance with intuitions of social justice. This is a sequential model of constitutional bargaining, whereby a constitution is first chosen, and then a post-constitutional coalition game is played. On the basis of the unique solution given to each step in the bargaining model, the quest for a prescriptive theory of governance and strategic management is accomplished, so that I am able to define an objective-function for the firm consistent with the idea of CSR. Finally, a contractarian potential explanation for the emergence of the multi-fiduciary firm is provided. Copyright Springer Science+Business Media, Inc. 2006fiduciary duties, stakeholder theory, theory of the firm, incompleteness of contracts, social contract, bargaining games, distributive justice, impartiality,