963 research outputs found
Two approaches to rural sanitation delivery: case study of Kwa Zulu-Natal, South Africa
Sanitation service delivery in South Africa is directly linked to the history of the country. The number of households lacking
basic sanitation services in 2001 was approximately 4.7 million. This amounts to approximately 18 million people or
42% of the population. During August 2000 to June 2001, South Africa experienced one of the worst cholera epidemics in
the country’s recent history. The outbreak was linked to outbreaks in Mozambique, Swaziland and Zambia. By December
2002, South Africa had reported a total of 151 852 cholera cases. The efforts to combat the epidemic involved government
at all levels and included interventions such as access to potable water, sanitation, and education. This paper compares
the conventional approach to sanitation which was implemented before the cholera outbreak to the accelerated approach
which evolved in the KwaZulu-Natal Province as a result of the outbreak
The effect of hygiene communication on emptying of urine diversion toilets
Diarrhoeal disease is a major concern to the South African government. Understanding the relationship between the lack
of water and sanitation and diarrhoeal disease, the government has developed a national initiative to provide poor and
rural communities with a basic sanitation facility, one of which is a Urine Diversion toilet. This paper includes assessment
of the effectiveness of hygiene messages on vault emptying behaviours and the possible transfer of pathogens to hands
during emptying processes. The method involve observation of vault emptying behaviours, interviews with key stakeholders
and microbiological analysis of indicator species on hands before and after vault emptying. The results indicated that
health and hygiene messages were not actioned by the study group and that there was no significant difference between
the E-Coli and Faecal coliforms on the hands before and after emptying Conclusions from the study were that correct
operation and maintenance of Urine Diversion toilet require, health and hygiene education programmes to be ongoing
and continue beyond the life of the project
Cities and citadels: an archaeology of inequality and economic growth
Cities and Citadels provides an urgent update of archaeology’s engagement with economic theory.
Recent events have forced a major reassessment of economic thinking. In the wake of the 2008 Great Recession and the economic impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic, the world finds itself in unprecedented times. Even though archaeology typically concerns itself with the remote past, it must also help us understand how we got to where we are today. This book takes up the challenging new theories of scholars like Thomas Piketty, Mariana Mazzucato and David Graeber and explores their importance for the study of human economies in ancient and prehistoric contexts. Drawing on case studies from the Neolithic to the Classical Era and spanning the globe, the authors put forward a new narrative of economic change that is relevant to the 21st century.
This book speaks to the study of economics in all ancient societies and is suitable for researchers of archaeology, economics, economic history and all related disciplines
The design and development of a sanitation hand washing dispenser: a South African case study
South Africa is a country of extremes where many people in rural areas still lack basic services such as water and sanitation.
It is estimated that 5 million South Africans do not have access to basic water services, while 17-18 million lack
basic sanitation services. South Africa launched the WASH programme with one of the aims to increase the incidence of
hand washing at the right times such that it results in a significant decrease in the incidence of water-related diseases.
This paper looks at hand washing behvaviour in villages in two municipalities in South Africa and shows the technology
development which evolved out of the difficulties being experience by households in the country to meet these basic hand
washing requirements
Safety Assurance in NextGen
The generation of minimum operational, safety, performance, and interoperability requirements is an important aspect of safely integrating new NextGen components into the Communication Navigation Surveillance and Air Traffic Management (CNS/ATM) system. These requirements are used as part of the implementation and approval processes. In addition, they provide guidance to determine the levels of design assurance and performance that are needed for each element of the new NextGen procedures, including aircraft, operator, and Air Navigation and Service Provider. Using the enhanced Airborne Traffic Situational Awareness for InTrail Procedure (ATSA-ITP) as an example, this report describes some limitations of the current process used for generating safety requirements and levels of required design assurance. An alternative process is described, as well as the argument for why the alternative can generate more comprehensive requirements and greater safety assurance than the current approach
A critique of approaches to measuring effective hand washing in Mpumalanga, South Africa
Diarrhoeal disease was ranked fifth on the list of causes of premature mortality in South Africa in 2000. High standards of
hygiene and access to safe water and sanitation services can be related to a reduced risk of diarrhea. Based on the understanding
and interpretation of good sanitation, hygiene and related practices in South Africa, all sanitation programmes
and interventions in the country focus to some degree on hand washing practices and behaviours. Health and hygiene
interventions are implemented from the knowledge that hand washing can act as a barrier to several of the transmission
routes of diarrhoeal pathogens. As a result, many sanitation interventions in South Africa begin with a baseline assessment
which includes a review of present sanitation, hygiene and related practices. This paper focuses specifically on the
measurement of one aspect of health and hygiene awareness in South Africa, namely hand washing behaviours. The paper
is a critique of methods used in assessing these household behaviours in two villages in the Mpumalanga Province of
South Africa
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