Justification by Works: Fate and the Gospel in the Roman Empire

A prominent theme in the Christian writings of the second and third centuries is that men are rewarded and punished according to the quality of their works. It is sounded in the middle of the second century by Justin Martyr in his First Apology: We have learned from the prophets and declare as the truth, that penalties and punishments and good rewards are given according to the quality of each man\u27s action. A century later, Origen, in Contra Celsum, lists this belief as an article of faith alongside the resurrection and virgin birth

Father Anselm Weber, O. F. M., Missionary to the Navajo, 1898-1921

To Father Anselm Weber, 1862 - 1921, belongs most of the credit for establishing this Catholic mission at St. Michaels in Apache County, Arizona. In point of time he belonged to the first quarter of the twentieth century. As a missionary he has a rightful place in that long line of Catholic missionaries that ties together the centuries back to apostolic times. Anselm Weber maintained a huge correspondence with his Franciscan confreres, with the Bureau of Catholic Indian Missions, with government agencies, and with a host of friends and relative. These letters and papers, preserved in five principal collections, have furnished the base for research. Fortunately for the historian the missionary saved practically every letter he received, and made copies of all business letters he wrote, even before he used a typewriter in 1903. Moreover, he wrote regularly and on a great variety of subjects in mission and church magazines

Tertullian and the Early Christian View of Tradition

The term tradition enters the Christian vocabulary in apostolic times. From earliest days it has ranked in importance with such words as grace, hope, love, justification, redemption, salvation, Scripture. Already in the writings of Paul it occurs at key points and reveals a great deal about how Paul conceived of the Christian faith, its origin and transmission

The Christianizing of Abraham: The Interpretation of Abraham in Early Christianity

The author traces through various interpretations of the significance of the story of Abraham in the early church in support of his thesis that each generation interprets the Scripture from the perspective of its own historical circumstance

Scripture and Tradition in Clement of Alexandria

In the latter half of .the second century Tertullian could write in his Prescription, Quid Athenae Hierosolymis ? Not many miles eastward there lived a .contemporary in \u27 . Alexandria who thought Athens had much to do with Jerusalem. Clement of Alexandria had begun a tradition in. the Catholic Church which was destined to influence its theological thinking until the present day. He began the never-ending task of attempting systematically to relate the Gospel of\u27 Jesus Christ to the culture of the world in which Christians live. Although he has not gained immortality through his own systematic efforts, the fruits of his labor were to be seen in his pupil Origen

Overcoming fair-trade products’ price disadvantage with clever pricing decisions

In surveys, consumers affirm their preference for sustainable over conventional products. But in the supermarket, they often fall back on cheaper conventional alternatives. The higher price of sustainable products may explain the contradiction. Robert Wilken and David Bürgin write that partitioned pricing can make consumers aware of the ethical and sustainability benefits of fair-trade products, increasing their sales

How multinational banks in India gain legitimacy: Organisational practices and resources required for implementation

Liability of foreignness (LOF) refers to the difficulties and additional costs that multinational enterprises face when they operate in a foreign market. Rooted in institutional theory, extant literature has discussed isomorphism, transference, and sociopolitical activism as legitimation strategies to counteract LOF. This view relates to the macro level of firm and society, assumes passivity of subsidiaries, and neglects implementation of these strategies. Consequently, this paper aims at complementing this restrictive view through a qualitative study to explore how French multinational banks respond to LOF challenges in India, an adverse institutional environment typical of emerging markets but also unique due to strong economic nationalism and cultural traditions. As such, the present article contributes to the institutional research stream by (1) presenting an empirical investigation at the micro level of subsidiary organisational practices to operationalise legitimation strategies in managerial terms; (2) revealing rhetoric proactive strategies beyond the passive or reactive paths identified previously; and (3) discussing the internal implications of implementing legitimation strategies directed at external recipients within the intraorganisational network of multinational banks, using the resource-based view

Eddies and the distribution of Eddy Kinetic Energy in the Arctic Ocean

© The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in von Appen, W.-J., Baumann, T. M., Janout, M., Koldunov, N., Lenn, Y.-D., Pickart, R. S., Scott, R. B., & Wang, Q. Eddies and the distribution of eddy kinetic energy in the Arctic Ocean. Oceanography, 35(2), (2022), https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2022.122.Mesoscale eddies are important to many aspects of the dynamics of the Arctic Ocean. Among others, they maintain the halocline and interact with the Atlantic Water circumpolar boundary current through lateral eddy fluxes and shelf-basin exchanges. Mesoscale eddies are also important for transporting biological material and for modifying sea ice distribution. Here, we review what is known about eddies and their impacts in the Arctic Ocean in the context of rapid climate change. Eddy kinetic energy (EKE) is a proxy for mesoscale variability in the ocean due to eddies. We present the first quantification of EKE from moored observations across the entire Arctic Ocean and compare those results to output from an eddy resolving numerical model. We show that EKE is largest in the northern Nordic Seas/Fram Strait and it is also elevated along the shelf break of the Arctic Circumpolar Boundary Current, especially in the Beaufort Sea. In the central basins, EKE is 100–1,000 times lower. Generally, EKE is stronger when sea ice concentration is low versus times of dense ice cover. As sea ice declines, we anticipate that areas in the Arctic Ocean where conditions typical of the North Atlantic and North Pacific prevail will increase. We conclude that the future Arctic Ocean will feature more energetic mesoscale variability