3 research outputs found

    Understanding the Unoriginal: Indeterminant Originalism and Independent Interpretation of the Alaska Constitution

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    Loudspeakers were invented over 150 years ago, but the loudspeakers used todayare still based on the same ideas. Traditionally, good sound quality has been obtainedby using expensive materials in the loudspeakers and by allowing themto be big. However, nowadays loudspeakers are wanted in applications such asmobile phones and tablets where size and weight are very limited and there is aconstant desire to decrease production costs. Special small loudspeakers, knownas micro loudspeakers, have been developed for this purpose but due to the severerestrictions in size and manufacturing costs, the sound quality in the microloudspeakers is relatively poor. One problem is that the nonlinearities of thesystem, present in any loudspeaker, become more evident in the case of microloudspeakers and cause noticeable distortion of the sound.This master’s thesis has been performed in cooperation with Opalum (formerlyActiwave), a company specializing in using digital signal processing to improvethe sound in loudspeakers with poor acoustic properties. The objective of thethesis is to investigate ways to increase the sound quality in micro loudspeakersby using nonlinear control. Focus has been on frequencies below the resonancefrequency since the distortion is more noticeable at low frequencies. First, a nonlinearmodel of the micro loudspeaker has been obtained using system identificationstrategies. The model describes the relationship between the voltage overthe voice-coil and the diaphragm displacement. Subsequently, input-output linearisationhas been used to design a controller for the system and the effect onthe distortion has been investigated through experiments. Two different modelstructures have been tested, a physical model based on the Thiele-Small modeland a black-box model with a Hammerstein-Wiener structure. In both cases, thenonlinearities were modelled as polynomials. The controller was then extendedwith an updating algorithm, making it adaptive.The efficiency of the controllers has been proved by experiments, where distortionwas decreased by up to 60 % compared to the case without control. The effectwas largest for low frequencies, around one third of the resonance frequency,but improvements were noted up to about two thirds of the resonance frequency,depending on the loudspeaker unit. The approach using a physical model andthat using a black-box model have shown similar results.Högtalaren uppfanns för över 150 Ă„r sedan men de högtalare som anvĂ€nds idagbygger till stora delar pĂ„ samma teknik. Högkvalitativt ljud har traditionellt uppnĂ„ttsgenom att ge högtalaren goda akustiska egenskaper genom att tillĂ„ta den attvara stor och tillverkad av dyra material. Utmaningen idag ligger i att högtalarefinns inbyggda i exempelvis mobiltelefoner, vilket innebĂ€r att de behöver görassmĂ„, lĂ€tta och billiga att producera. För att möta dessa krav har kompromisserkrĂ€vts vilket gör att dessa smĂ„ högtalare, kallade mikrohögtalare, har sĂ€mre ljudkvalitet.Ett problem Ă€r att de olinjĂ€riteter som finns i alla högtalare blir extraframtrĂ€dande i smĂ„ högtalare vilket leder till distorsion och övertoner i ljudsignalen.Detta examensarbete Ă€r gjort i samarbete med Opalum (tidigare Actiwave), vilketĂ€r ett företag som specialiserar sig pĂ„ att med hjĂ€lp av digital signalbehandlingförbĂ€ttra ljudkvaliteten för högtalare med akustiskt dĂ„liga egenskaper. Syftetmed examensarbetet har varit att minska distorsionen i en mikrohögtalaremed hjĂ€lp av olinjĂ€r reglering. Fokus har legat pĂ„ den lĂ€gre delen av frekvensbandet,under resonansfrekvensen, eftersom det Ă€r dĂ€r distorsionen Ă€r mest mĂ€rkbar.Först har en olinjĂ€r modell av högtalaren tagits fram genom systemidentifiering.Modellen förklarar sambandet mellan spĂ€nningen över högtalarens talspole ochmembranets utslag. I ett nĂ€sta steg har en regulator designats utifrĂ„n modellenoch regulatorns effekt pĂ„ distorsionen har utvĂ€rderats genom experiment. TvĂ„ olikamodellstrukturer har undersökts, dels en fysikalisk modell baserad pĂ„ Thiele-Smallmodellen och dels en svartlĂ„demodell med Hammerstein-Wienerstruktur.I bĂ„da fallen har olinjĂ€riteterna modellerats som polynom. Regulatorn har sedanutökats med en uppdateringsalgoritm som gör den adaptiv.Experiment har visat att regleringen bidrog till att minska distorsionen med upptill 60 % jĂ€mfört med dĂ„ systemet kördes utan reglering. Effekten har varit störstför lĂ„ga frekvenser, kring en tredjedel av resonsnsfrekvensen, men förbĂ€ttringarhar kunnat ses upp till frekvenser kring tvĂ„ tredjedelar av resonansfrekvensen.BĂ„de metoden med en fysikalisk modellstruktur och med en svartlĂ„destrukturhar visat likartade resultat

    Kompost för biointensiv odling

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    I det hĂ€r arbetet undersöks hur mullhalten kan bibehĂ„llas eller höjas vid biointensiv odling (BO) i Sverige. BO Ă€r en odlingsmetod som gĂ„r ut pĂ„ att maximera avkastningen per ytenhet genom att bibehĂ„lla en hög mullhalt. Eftersom stora mĂ€ngder organiskt material förs bort med skörden mĂ„ste stora mĂ€ngder organiskt material tillsĂ€ttas för att skapa en balans. Detta sker i regel genom att tillföra kompost. Med bakgrund i detta motiveras arbetets fokus pĂ„ att undersöka kvalitet och kvantitet pĂ„ tillgĂ€nglig kompost i Sverige. I resultatet presenteras odlingssystemets förutsĂ€ttningar mer ingĂ„ende, samt komposteringens grunder. DĂ€refter presenteras kort BO strategier för att tillverka sin egen kompost. I huvudparten av arbetet undersöks kvalitet och kvantitet gĂ€llande storskalig grönkompost frĂ„n trĂ€dgĂ„rd- och parkavfall, svampkompost samt maskkompost. Intervjuer har genomförts med tre storskaliga producenter av grönkompost samt en producent av maskkompost. SmĂ„skaliga kompostproducenter som specialiserar sig pĂ„ kompostering av restmaterial frĂ„n lokalsamhĂ€llet presenteras kort. Resultatet diskuteras betrĂ€ffande tillgĂ€nglig kvalitet och kvantitet och en marknad för smĂ„skalig kompostproduktion identifieras. I slutsatsen konstateras att det troligtvis finns tillrĂ€ckliga mĂ€ngder kompost pĂ„ grund av det stora utbud av grönkompost som finns. Om komposten Ă€r av tillrĂ€cklig kvalitet framgĂ„r inte av studien. Det konstateras Ă€ven att de storskaliga kompostproducenterna som ingĂ„r i studien inte har smĂ„skaliga grönsaksodlare som mĂ„lgrupp.This essay is studying how the humus content can be preserved or increased in biointensive agriculture (BA) in Sweden. BA is a system for growing crops with high yields on a minimum area of land by maintaining a high content of humus in the soil. Big amounts of organic matter is lost from the system with the harvest and these amounts need to be restored in order to keep a balanced system. In BA this is generally accomplished by adding compost to the system. With this background the focus of the essay is established; to study the qualities and quantities of available compost in Sweden. To further investigate this, the conditions for BA is described more thoroughly along with the basics of composting. Then the strategies for BA to maintain their own supply of compost is presented. The major part of the essay is dedicated to investigating the qualities and quantities of large scale compost producers. Interviews have been conducted with three large scale producers of green compost and one large scale producer of worm compost. Small scale producers who specialize on composting of local residues are described briefly. The result is discussed regarding the available quality and quantity and a market for small scale compost production is identified. In conclusion, it is stated that there are probably sufficient amounts of compost due to the large variety of green compost available. The study doesn’t demonstrate whether the compost is of sufficient quality or not. It is also stated that the large-scale compost producers included in the study do not have small scale vegetable growers as the target group

    LinjÀrisering av mikrohögtalare genom adaptiv reglering

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    Loudspeakers were invented over 150 years ago, but the loudspeakers used todayare still based on the same ideas. Traditionally, good sound quality has been obtainedby using expensive materials in the loudspeakers and by allowing themto be big. However, nowadays loudspeakers are wanted in applications such asmobile phones and tablets where size and weight are very limited and there is aconstant desire to decrease production costs. Special small loudspeakers, knownas micro loudspeakers, have been developed for this purpose but due to the severerestrictions in size and manufacturing costs, the sound quality in the microloudspeakers is relatively poor. One problem is that the nonlinearities of thesystem, present in any loudspeaker, become more evident in the case of microloudspeakers and cause noticeable distortion of the sound.This master’s thesis has been performed in cooperation with Opalum (formerlyActiwave), a company specializing in using digital signal processing to improvethe sound in loudspeakers with poor acoustic properties. The objective of thethesis is to investigate ways to increase the sound quality in micro loudspeakersby using nonlinear control. Focus has been on frequencies below the resonancefrequency since the distortion is more noticeable at low frequencies. First, a nonlinearmodel of the micro loudspeaker has been obtained using system identificationstrategies. The model describes the relationship between the voltage overthe voice-coil and the diaphragm displacement. Subsequently, input-output linearisationhas been used to design a controller for the system and the effect onthe distortion has been investigated through experiments. Two different modelstructures have been tested, a physical model based on the Thiele-Small modeland a black-box model with a Hammerstein-Wiener structure. In both cases, thenonlinearities were modelled as polynomials. The controller was then extendedwith an updating algorithm, making it adaptive.The efficiency of the controllers has been proved by experiments, where distortionwas decreased by up to 60 % compared to the case without control. The effectwas largest for low frequencies, around one third of the resonance frequency,but improvements were noted up to about two thirds of the resonance frequency,depending on the loudspeaker unit. The approach using a physical model andthat using a black-box model have shown similar results.Högtalaren uppfanns för över 150 Ă„r sedan men de högtalare som anvĂ€nds idagbygger till stora delar pĂ„ samma teknik. Högkvalitativt ljud har traditionellt uppnĂ„ttsgenom att ge högtalaren goda akustiska egenskaper genom att tillĂ„ta den attvara stor och tillverkad av dyra material. Utmaningen idag ligger i att högtalarefinns inbyggda i exempelvis mobiltelefoner, vilket innebĂ€r att de behöver görassmĂ„, lĂ€tta och billiga att producera. För att möta dessa krav har kompromisserkrĂ€vts vilket gör att dessa smĂ„ högtalare, kallade mikrohögtalare, har sĂ€mre ljudkvalitet.Ett problem Ă€r att de olinjĂ€riteter som finns i alla högtalare blir extraframtrĂ€dande i smĂ„ högtalare vilket leder till distorsion och övertoner i ljudsignalen.Detta examensarbete Ă€r gjort i samarbete med Opalum (tidigare Actiwave), vilketĂ€r ett företag som specialiserar sig pĂ„ att med hjĂ€lp av digital signalbehandlingförbĂ€ttra ljudkvaliteten för högtalare med akustiskt dĂ„liga egenskaper. Syftetmed examensarbetet har varit att minska distorsionen i en mikrohögtalaremed hjĂ€lp av olinjĂ€r reglering. Fokus har legat pĂ„ den lĂ€gre delen av frekvensbandet,under resonansfrekvensen, eftersom det Ă€r dĂ€r distorsionen Ă€r mest mĂ€rkbar.Först har en olinjĂ€r modell av högtalaren tagits fram genom systemidentifiering.Modellen förklarar sambandet mellan spĂ€nningen över högtalarens talspole ochmembranets utslag. I ett nĂ€sta steg har en regulator designats utifrĂ„n modellenoch regulatorns effekt pĂ„ distorsionen har utvĂ€rderats genom experiment. TvĂ„ olikamodellstrukturer har undersökts, dels en fysikalisk modell baserad pĂ„ Thiele-Smallmodellen och dels en svartlĂ„demodell med Hammerstein-Wienerstruktur.I bĂ„da fallen har olinjĂ€riteterna modellerats som polynom. Regulatorn har sedanutökats med en uppdateringsalgoritm som gör den adaptiv.Experiment har visat att regleringen bidrog till att minska distorsionen med upptill 60 % jĂ€mfört med dĂ„ systemet kördes utan reglering. Effekten har varit störstför lĂ„ga frekvenser, kring en tredjedel av resonsnsfrekvensen, men förbĂ€ttringarhar kunnat ses upp till frekvenser kring tvĂ„ tredjedelar av resonansfrekvensen.BĂ„de metoden med en fysikalisk modellstruktur och med en svartlĂ„destrukturhar visat likartade resultat
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