The analgesic effects of anti-inflammatory drugs from the point of view of different pharmacological test methods

1. The forms of irritation causing inflammation and pain are reviewed, with reference to the significance of histamine, serotonin and bradykinin and in particular to the interrelationship between inflammation and pain. 2. The various types of experimental pain are reviewed and mention is made of the human and animal analgesia test methods derived from them. 3. More detailed descriptions are given of the analgesia test methods used by us, namely: a) Silver nitrate gonarthritis-pain, rat, in which both strong and weak analgesics with an anti-inflammatory action are effective. b) Phenylquinone-induced abdominal pain, mouse, in which all the analgesics and anti inflammatory agents mentioned in this article are effective in a greater or lesser degree. c) Tail-flick and hot-plate tests, mouse, in which the strong analgesics, the weaker analgesics and the anti-inflammatory agents, with the exception of the salicylates, are effective. d) Dental-pain test, guinea pig, which can be used to demonstrate the activity of the various analgesics, including the salicylates and also colchicine, which is not active in any other test. e) Pressure-pain, mouse, in which only the strong analgesics (narcotics) are effective. 4. The action of a large number of analgesics, anti-inflammatory agents and related drugs in the various analgesia-tests and in acute experimental inflammation is presented in tabular form. 5. It is concluded that the use of several pain and inflammation tests is essential for screening both analgesics for special indications (severe, mild pain, pain due to inflammation, etc.) and universal pain-killing drugs.</p

Massive Stars as Major Factories of Galactic Cosmic Rays

The identification of major contributors to the locally observed fluxes of Cosmic Rays (CRs) is a prime objective towards the resolution of the long-standing enigma of CRs. We report on a compelling similarity of the energy and radial distributions of multi-TeV CRs extracted from observations of very high energy (VHE) $\gamma$-rays towards the Galactic Center (GC) and two prominent clusters of young massive stars, Cyg~OB2 and Westerlund~1. This resemblance we interpret as a hint that CRs responsible for the diffuse VHE $\gamma$-ray emission from the GC are accelerated by the ultracompact stellar clusters located in the heart of GC. The derived $1/r$ decrement of the CR density with the distance from a star cluster is a distinct signature of continuous, over a few million years, CR injection into the interstellar medium. The lack of brightening of the $\gamma$-ray images toward the stellar clusters excludes the leptonic origin of $\gamma$-radiation. The hard, $\propto E^{-2.3}$ type power-law energy spectra of parent protons continues up to $\sim$ 1 PeV. The efficiency of conversion of kinetic energy of stellar winds to CRs can be as high as 10 percent implying that the young massive stars may operate as proton PeVatrons with a dominant contribution to the flux of highest energy galactic CRs.Comment: minor revisions have been applied to address the referees' comments, conclusion unchange

Didáctica del álgebra

La Didáctica del álgebra es un área prioritaria en la investigación en Didáctica de las Matemáticas. Así, en congresos nacionales e internacionales se reserva un grupo de trabajo específico para esta área. La comunidad Early Algebra se ha ido asentando en los últimos treinta años, ha aportado fundamentación teórica y datos experimentales sobre la conveniencia de superar la oposición aritmético-algebraico y sobre la necesidad de estructurar el currículo como un continuo epistemológico, antes que un paso de una actividad meramente aritmética (en Educación Primaria) a otra donde el álgebra se presenta como un producto acabado (en Educación Secundaria). La Teoría de Situaciones Didácticas en Matemáticas aporta un modelo de la proporcionalidad, que sobrepasa el desarrollo numérico clásico en Educación Primaria, pero sin introducir una formalización propia de la Educación Secundaria

Environmental Impacts of Contact Lens Waste

Contact lenses have been used for decades to correct vision, and over 150 million people use contact lenses today. The materials used to make contact lenses have evolved drastically, but ultimately resulted in a specific plastic, silicone-derived hydrogel, which provides maximal comfort and clear vision, while also maintaining the eye health of the user. Contact lenses have enhanced the lives of many people, but a topic that is often left out of contact lens discussions is that of plastic waste. Single-use plastic and increased plastic pollution have recently been areas of concern and expanded research. Contact lenses are often forgotten when analyzing personal plastic use, likely due to their small size and therefore low contribution to a person’s overall plastic waste. However, a recent survey revealed that some contact lens users still flush their used contact lenses down the drain, putting them directly into the water system. These small pieces of plastic can then break down further into microplastic, contaminating the water system and potentially harming wildlife and humans. Some contact lens manufacturers have initiated recycling programs specifically for contact lenses or have developed similar initiatives to address the issue of contact lens waste. Moving forward, eye care professionals must educate contact lens wearers on their disposal options, and contact lens manufacturers must continue to search for ways to decrease the impacts of plastic they create. Course: HON489: Senior Project: Honors Researchhttps://commons.und.edu/as-showcase/1006/thumbnail.jp

How Far Is Too Far: Reexamining the Continuing Extension of Arbitral Immunity to Arbitral Organizations

The protection of arbitration proceedings from judicial inquiry is restricted not only by the limited grounds for vacatur, but also by the application of arbitral immunity, a protection derived from the judicial immunity applied to judges. This immunity strengthens the finality of arbitration by restricting judicial review of decisions protected by arbitral immunity, but at the same time, it raises the question of whether courts should give arbitration the same broad immunity that protects judges. Despite the differences between arbitration and the judicial system, the courts have applied arbitral immunity to the arbitrator\u27s acts in the same way as they have applied judicial immunity to judges. Though mimicking the boundaries of judicial immunity, arbitral immunity has developed as a separate concept. In fact, courts have extended arbitral immunity to protect arbitral organizations, an entity which has no comparable counterpart in judicial proceedings. In Strategic Resources, Co. v. BCS Life Ins., Co., the South Carolina Supreme Court, with no discussion of the merits of the claim, extended immunity to the arbitral organization involved in the dispute and reversed the trial court\u27s injunction against the American Arbitration Association (AAA). Although immunity of arbitral organizations is warranted in some situations, the broad application of immunity with no consideration of the particular facts of the case could weaken a party\u27s confidence in the arbitration proceeding. In so doing, it would likely affect the attractiveness of arbitration proceedings as an option for dispute resolution

Derechos y pueblos indígenas: avances objetivos, debilidades subjetivas

After decades of invisibility, indigenous peoples have managed to strengthen its role, with enormous differences depending on the case, in the Latin American political scene. This emergency has been accompanied by various processes of recognition, both international and constitutional collective rights. Years after the adoption of the two texts containing the most progress on the issue, the United Nations Declaration on Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2007) and the Constitution of Bolivia (2009), we are facing the need to make a balance: these regulatory developments, should be viewed from the hope or the disappointment? This article tries to provide useful elements in such an evaluation. In first place, a brief review is made of the legal texts cited; after that, we focus on the significance of the right to free, prior and informed consent. Finally, a reflection on the very meaning of the rights, as it is considered essential to the understanding of the relationship between indigenous peoples, state and mainstream society.Tras décadas de invisibilización, los pueblos indígenas han logrado reforzar su protagonismo, aunque con enormes diferencias según los casos, en el escenario político latinoamericano. Dicha emergencia ha ido acompañada de distintos procesos de reconocimiento, tanto internacional como constitucional, de derechos colectivos. Años después de la aprobación de los dos textos que recogen los mayores avances en la cuestión, la Declaración de Naciones Unidas sobre derechos de los pueblos indígenas (2007) y la Constitución Política de Bolivia (2009), nos hallamos ante la necesidad de hacer un balance: tales avances normativos, ¿deben ser vistos desde la esperanza o desde el desencanto? El presente texto trata de aportar elementos que puedan ser útiles en dicho balance. Para ello, se realiza un breve recorrido por los textos citados para, a continuación, centrarse en la significación del derecho a la consulta, previa libre e informada. Finalmente, se aborda una reflexión sobre el sentido mismo de los derechos, pues se considera imprescindible para la comprensión de la relación entre pueblos indígenas, Estado y sociedad dominante

Estado, organización territorial y constitucionalismo plurinacional en Ecuador y Bolivia. ¿Una década ganada?

Se cumplen diez años de los procesos constituyentes ecuatoriano y boliviano, que formalmente concluyeron con la aprobación de dos textos constitucionales que bien podrían ser calificados como las propuestas más ambiciosas de todo el continente por lo que se refiere a la reconfiguración del poder estatal. El horizonte transformador de tales textos se condensa en la definición del Estado como Estado Plurinacional y en el objetivo de la consecución de la justicia en tres dimensiones: social, ecológica y cultural. Este trabajo aborda, en primer lugar, el modo en que, a grandes rasgos, las Constituciones ecuatoriana y boliviana asumen la propuesta de justicia cultural como reconocimiento y propósito de igualación, formal y material, de las culturas, pueblos o naciones indígenas y del modo en que tal igualación debe realizarse a través de la consecución de la plurinacionalidad del Estado. Tras ello, el texto se ocupa de una de las principales realizaciones de la plurinacionalidad, cual es la de la reconfi- guración territorial del poder a partir del reconocimiento del derecho de autogobierno de los pueblos indígenas. Finalmente, se apuntan algunas conclusiones, entendidas también como propuestas para un debate que debería mantenerse vivo