POTENSI ZEOLIT ALAM BAYAH BANTEN SEBAGAI KATALIS HETEROGEN PADA PEMBUATAN BIODIESEL SECARA TRANSESTERIFIKASI

Zeolit alam bayah banten (ZABBrht) mengandung modernit dan klipnotilonit yang berpontensi untuk dibuat katalis heterogen. untuk penghasil bioiesel. Pertama Zeolit di hancurkan dengan menggunakan palu untuk mendapatkan ukuran (50 – 60) mesh, keringkan pada suhu 1100C selama 24 jam di dalam Oven. Impregnasi menggunakan KOH dalam 100 ml aquadest selama 2 jam pada suhu 600C, keringkan dalam oven kembali selama 24 jam pada suhu 1100C, pisahkan dengan menggunkan pompa vakum, kalsinasi pada suhu 4500c selama 3 jam. Katalis heterogen ini ramah lingkungan dan mudah dipisahkan dan dapat digunakan kembali. biodiesel yang dihasilkan pada suhu 600C selama 2 jam dengan perbandingan rasio methanol dan minyak jelantah 1:7. Hasil biodieselnya adalah : 87,8% (75 gram KOH/100mL). Hasil Biodiesel di analisa dengan GC Ester content dan katalis termodifikasi dikarakterisasi dengan menggunakan FTIR, SEM-EDX, XR

Produksi Biogasoline Dari Minyak Sawit Melalui Reaksi Perengkahan Katalitik Dengan Katalis γ-Alumina

Biogasoline Production from Palm Oil Via Catalytic Hydrocracking over Gamma-Alumina Catalyst. Bio gasolineconversion from palm oil is an alternative energy resources method which can be substituted fossil fuel base energyutilization. Previous research resulted that palm oil can be converted into hydrocarbon by catalytic cracking reactionwith γ-alumina catalyst. In this research, catalytic cracking reaction of palm oil by γ-alumina catalyst is done in a stirrerbatch reactor with the oil/catalyst weight ratio variation of 100:1, 75:1, and 50:1; at suhue variation of 260 to 340oCand reaction time variation of 1 to 2 hour. Post cracking reaction, bio gasoline yield could be obtained after 2 steps batch distillation. Physical property test result such as density and viscosity of this cracking reaction product and commercialgasoline tended a closed similarity. According to result of the cracking product's density, viscosity and FTIR, it canconclude that optimum yield of the palm oil catalytic cracking reaction could be occurred when oil/catalyst weight ratio100:1 at 340 oC in 1.5 hour and base on this bio gasoline's FTIR, GC and GC-MS identification results, its hydrocarbons content was resembled to the commercial gasoline. This palm oil catalytic cracking reaction shown 11.8% (v/v) in yield and 28.0% (v/v) in conversion concern to feed palm oil base and produced a 61.0 octane number's biogasoline

PRODUKSI BIOGASOLINE DARI MINYAK SAWIT MELALUI REAKSI PERENGKAHAN KATALITIK DENGAN KATALIS γ-ALUMINA

Biogasoline Production from Palm Oil Via Catalytic Hydrocracking over Gamma-Alumina Catalyst. Bio gasolineconversion from palm oil is an alternative energy resources method which can be substituted fossil fuel base energyutilization. Previous research resulted that palm oil can be converted into hydrocarbon by catalytic cracking reactionwith γ-alumina catalyst. In this research, catalytic cracking reaction of palm oil by γ-alumina catalyst is done in a stirrerbatch reactor with the oil/catalyst weight ratio variation of 100:1, 75:1, and 50:1; at suhue variation of 260 to 340oCand reaction time variation of 1 to 2 hour. Post cracking reaction, bio gasoline yield could be obtained after 2 steps batch distillation. Physical property test result such as density and viscosity of this cracking reaction product and commercialgasoline tended a closed similarity. According to result of the cracking product's density, viscosity and FTIR, it canconclude that optimum yield of the palm oil catalytic cracking reaction could be occurred when oil/catalyst weight ratio100:1 at 340 oC in 1.5 hour and base on this bio gasoline's FTIR, GC and GC-MS identification results, its hydrocarbons content was resembled to the commercial gasoline. This palm oil catalytic cracking reaction shown 11.8% (v/v) in yield and 28.0% (v/v) in conversion concern to feed palm oil base and produced a 61.0 octane number's biogasoline.Keywords: Bio gasoline, γ-alumina, viscosity, density, palm oi

PEMBUATAN BIODIESEL DARI MINYAK DEDAK PADI DENGAN PROSES KATALIS HOMOGEN SECARA ASAM DAN KATALIS HETEROGEN SECARA BASA

Pembuatan biodiesel dari minyak dedak padi yang berasal tumbuhan yang dapat direnewable.  Biodiesel yang dihasilkan dari      dedak padi     diawali dengan memisahkan dedak halus dan dedak kasar  dengan   proses   screening.   Hasil   screening   berupa   dedak   kasar   dan   halus   yang   di   ekstraksi   dengan  menggunakan pelarut       diperoleh minyak dan pelarut , dan dengan proses distilasi didapatkan minyak  dedak padi. Minyak dedak padi yang dihasilkan dari proses ektraksi dengan pelarut di buat biodiesel  dengan   menggunakan   katalis   homogen   secara   asam   dengan   persen   katalis   2%  v      dari   bahan   baku,  Tahap     katalis  heterogen     secara   basa   dengan    persen    katalis  3   %  b   dari   bahan    baku.Tahap  transesterifikasi asam dan tranesterifikasi basa menggunakan variasi rasio minyak dedak padi terhadap  methanol (1:7)  Hasil  analisa   yang   didapat   adalah   %   yield,   nilai   viskositas   dan   densitas.  Perolehan   biodiesel   yang                                                                                                        0  optimum pada pembuatan biodiesel secara katalis homogen dan heterogen pada suhu 60  C dan waktu  operasi   2   jam   adalah   61,6%  yield,   27,4024   mm2/s   viskositas   dan   0,936   gram/mL   densitas  dengan perbandingan KOH/ZABBrht           100 gr/100mL.  Kata Kunci: Minyak Dedak Padi,           biodiesel, Transesterifikas, Katalis Homogen, Katalis Heteroge

Effect of Photoperiodicity on Co2 Fixation by Chlorella Vulgaris Buitenzorg in Bubble Column Photobioreactor for Food Supplement Production

To reduce the level of CO2 content in air, effort on converting CO2 to useful products is required. One of thealternatives includes CO2 fixation to produce biomass using Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg. Chlorella vulgarisBuitenzorg is applied for production of food supplement. Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg is also easy to handle due to itssuperior adaptation. Currently, Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg has been analyzed by some experts for its cellularcomposition, its ability to produce high quality biomass and the content of essential nutrition. A series of experimentswas conducted by culturing Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg using Beneck medium in bubbling column photobioreactor.The main variation in this experiment was photoperiodicity, where growth of Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg wasexamined during photoperiodicity condition. The difference between CO2 gas concentration of inlet and outlet of thereactor during operational period, was compared to the same experiment under continuous illumination. Underphotoperiodicity of 8 and 9 h/d, the culture cell densities (N) were approximately 40 % higher than under continuousillumination. Final biomass density of Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg at 9 h/d illumination was 1.43 g/dm3, around 46%higher than under continuous illumination. Specific carbon dioxide transfer rate (qCO2) in photoperiodicity was 50-80%higher than under continuous illumination. These experiments showed that photoperiodicity affects the growth ofChlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg The specific growth rate (μ) by photoperiodicity was higher than that by continuousilumination while the growth period was two times longer. Based on the experiments, it can be concluded thatphotoperiodicity might save light energy consumption. The prediction of kinetic model under continuous illuminationas well as under photoperiodicity illumination showed that Haldane model became the fitted kinetic model

ISOLATION OF PROTEIN FROM THE SPINE VENOM OF PTEROIS VOLITANS FOUND IN THE INDONESIAN OCEAN, USING A HEATING PROCESS, FOR ANTICANCER, ANTIRETROVIRAL, ANTIBACTERIAL, AND ANTIOXIDANT ASSAYS

Objective: This research investigates the antibacterial, anticancer, antioxidant, and antiretroviral activities of the lionfish spine poison extract. Methods: Isolation and purification of the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) protein obtained from the spine poison were conducted through the following stages, including, extraction of the venom by sonication, heating, and purification using gradual saturation levels of ammonium sulfate. Furthermore, the purity and concentration of PLA2 were analyzed using the Lowry test and Marinetti’s method, respectively, while its protein content was ascertained through SDS-PAGE. Toxicity was then evaluated employing the brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT), and its anticancer activity was assessed in human cervical carcinoma cells (HeLa cells). Finally, its antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiretroviral activities were analyzed using the DPPH method, agar diffusion test against Salmonella sp. and E. coli, and SRV-2 and RT-qPCR tests, respectively. Results: The protein demonstrated 37.79% inhibition for anticancer activity, IC50 1312 ppm for antioxidant activity, 98.81%, and 89.28% inhibition of E. coli and Salmonella sp. respectively for antibacterial activity and 98.13% inhibition for antiretroviral activity. Conclusion: It can be concluded that lionfish (Pterois volitans) has the potential to be developed as an antioxidant, anticancer, antibacterial, and antiretroviral agent. Furthermore, the pharmacological activity of its spine venom was determined by isolating PLA2 protein from its extract, using an optimum heating temperature of 70 °C and an ammonium sulfate saturation level of 80%

EFFECT OF PHOTOPERIODICITY ON CO2 FIXATION BY Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg IN BUBBLE COLUMN PHOTOBIOREACTOR FOR FOOD SUPPLEMENT PRODUCTION

To reduce the level of CO2 content in air, effort on converting CO2 to useful products is required. One of thealternatives includes CO2 fixation to produce biomass using Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg. Chlorella vulgarisBuitenzorg is applied for production of food supplement. Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg is also easy to handle due to itssuperior adaptation. Currently, Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg has been analyzed by some experts for its cellularcomposition, its ability to produce high quality biomass and the content of essential nutrition. A series of experimentswas conducted by culturing Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg using Beneck medium in bubbling column photobioreactor.The main variation in this experiment was photoperiodicity, where growth of Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg wasexamined during photoperiodicity condition. The difference between CO2 gas concentration of inlet and outlet of thereactor during operational period, was compared to the same experiment under continuous illumination. Underphotoperiodicity of 8 and 9 h/d, the culture cell densities (N) were approximately 40 % higher than under continuousillumination. Final biomass density of Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg at 9 h/d illumination was 1.43 g/dm3, around 46%higher than under continuous illumination. Specific carbon dioxide transfer rate (qCO2) in photoperiodicity was 50-80%higher than under continuous illumination. These experiments showed that photoperiodicity affects the growth ofChlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg The specific growth rate (μ) by photoperiodicity was higher than that by continuousilumination while the growth period was two times longer. Based on the experiments, it can be concluded thatphotoperiodicity might save light energy consumption. The prediction of kinetic model under continuous illuminationas well as under photoperiodicity illumination showed that Haldane model became the fitted kinetic model.Keywords: photoperiodicity, Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg, food supplement, CO2 fixation, Haldane model

Solid State Fermentation using Agroindustrial Wastes to Produce Aspergillus Niger Lipase as a Biocatalyst Immobilized by an Adsorption-crosslinking Method for Biodiesel Synthesis

Although technological advances have fueled the rising demand for lipase as a biocatalyst, commercial availability remains limited and costs prohibitive. To meet this need, an extracellular lipase enzyme from Aspergillus niger can be produced through solid state fermentation (SSF) using agroindustrial wastes including tofu dregs, coconut dregs, and corn bran. These agroindustrial residues still contain nutrients, especially lipids/triglycerides, making them a potential fermentation medium to produce lipase. Lipase with the highest activity level (8.48 U/mL) was obtained using a tofu dreg substrate, 4% inducer concentration, and 9-day fermentation period. This crude lipase extract was then dried with a spray drier and immobilized in a macroporous anion resin using the adsorption-crosslinking method. The immobilized lipase’s activity was assayed by a biodiesel synthesis reaction; it showed 48.3% yield. The immobilized enzyme's stability was also tested through four cycles of biodiesel synthesis; in the fourth cycle, the enzyme maintained 84% of its initial activity