POSTER: Process Understanding and Process Efficiency Increase of Freeze Drying

info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublishe

Importance of using complementary process analyzers for the process monitoring, analysis, and understanding of freeze drying

The aim of the present paper is to demonstrate the importance of using complementary process analyzers (PAT tools) for the process monitoring, analysis, and understanding of freeze drying. A mannitol solution was used as a model system. Raman spectroscopic, near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopic, plasma emission spectroscopic, and wireless temperature measurements (TEM-PRIS) were simultaneously performed in-line and real-time during each freeze-drying experiment. The combination of these four process analyzers to monitor a freeze-drying process is unique. The Raman and NIR data were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) and multivariate curve resolution (MCR), while the plasma emission spectroscopic and wireless temperature measurement data were analyzed using univariate data analysis. It was shown that the considered process analyzers do not only complement but also mutually confirm each other with respect to process step end points, physical phenomena occurring during freeze drying (process understanding), and product characterization (solid state). Furthermore and most important, the combined use of the process analyzers helped to identify flaws in previous studies in which these process analyzers were studied individually. Process analyzers might wrongly indicate that some process steps are fulfilled. Finally, combining the studied process analyzers also showed that more information per process analyzer can be obtained than previously described. A combination of Raman and plasma emission spectroscopy seems favorable for the monitoring of nearly all critical freeze-drying process aspects

Politics and power in training and learning: the rise and fall of the NHS University

This article examines the political processes surrounding the development and demise of an ambitious, yet short-lived, policy-based learning initiative, namely a university for the UK National Health Service. Using a Weberian framework of political action, we explore the impact of intra-organizational and macro-political dynamics on the initiative, highlighting the role of legitimate power and authority on learning within this organization. Through analysis of the practical and symbolic implications of the commitment to ‘become a university’, we identify sources of organizational resistance to the model of learning that the initiative promoted. Finally, we trace the traditional and rational-legal political processes whereby the initiative was dissolved by undermining the charismatic authority on which it was founded. We conclude by considering the wider implications of our analysis for understanding structures of authority in learning