69 research outputs found

    Steigerung der Naturnahrung zur Förderung einer nachhaltigen und ökologischen Produktion in der Karpfenteichwirtschaft

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    Die vorliegende Studie befasste sich mit verschiedenen Maßnahmen zur Steigerung der Naturnahrung unter Nutzung natĂŒrlicher Ressourcen mit dem Ziel des daraus resultierenden Gewinns an Naturertrag, Nachhaltigkeit und ProduktqualitĂ€t in der Karpfenteichwirtschaft. Die Versuche wurden sowohl in Teichen als auch in Teichparzellen unter Beprobung der fĂŒr den Karpfen wichtigsten NĂ€hrtierklassen durchgefĂŒhrt. Parallel erfolgte die chemische Analyse von Wasser und Teichboden. Als limitierender Faktor in untersuchten Teichen konnte v.a. bioverfĂŒgbarer Phosphor identifiziert werden. Der Teichboden ist dabei als NĂ€hrstoffspeicher ausschlaggebend fĂŒr den Naturzuwachs. Dessen Gehalt an verfĂŒgbarem Phosphor (P2O5-CAL) ist zusammen mit anderen Parametern wie dem pH-Wert und der mikrobiellen AktivitĂ€t ein Maß fĂŒr die Teichfruchtbarkeit. Das Aufkommen an NĂ€hrtieren zeigte eine deutliche AbhĂ€ngigkeit vom NĂ€hrstoffangebot und der PrimĂ€rproduktion (Phytoplankton). In einem Teich mit nĂ€hrstoffreicherem Teichboden (P2O5-CAL 23.8 mg/100 g Boden) konnte durch die Ausbringung verschiedener organischen DĂŒngemittel in fischfreien Parzellen keine signifikante Steigerung an Phyto- und Zooplankton sowie an benthischen NĂ€hrtieren erzielt werden. Dabei ist der Effekt auf planktisch und benthisch lebende NĂ€hrtiere jedoch mitunter verschieden, v.a. hinsichtlich der bodenlebenden SchlammröhrenwĂŒrmer, die auch im nĂ€hrstoffreichen Teich gut auf organische DĂŒngung ansprechen. In Teichen mit nĂ€hrstoffĂ€rmeren Teichböden (P2O5-CAL 13.4 mg/100 g Boden) konnte durch die organische DĂŒngung mit Pferde- und HĂŒhnermist (3t/ha) die NĂ€hrtierdichte erhöht und der Fischertrag in den Versuchseinheiten durchschnittlich um etwa 200 kg/ha gesteigert werden. BezĂŒglich der Zooplankton-Biomasse konnte eine positive Tendenz bei den P und N-dichten organischen DĂŒngesubstraten beobachtet werden, wobei unterschiedliche organischen DĂŒnger v.a. zeitlich verschiedene Wirkung auf die NĂ€hrtier-Biomasseproduktion ausĂŒben. GrĂŒndĂŒngung durch Aussaat im Herbst stellte sich zudem als adĂ€quates Mittel zur frĂŒhen Steigerung der Aufkommen an RĂ€dertierchen heraus. In wintertrockenen Teichen eignet sich hierzu Roggen. In staunassen Teichen sollte ab April auf schrittweise Gabe von Pferdemist zurĂŒckgegriffen werden. Einhergehend mit der DĂŒngung waren keine negativen Auswirkungen auf die Umwelt vorhanden. Insbesondere bei Fischbesatz zum Ende der Produktionsperiode waren weder im Teichwasser noch im Teichboden messbare Anreicherung von Stickstoff- und Phosphorverbindungen oder organischem Material festzustellen. Hohe pH-Werte konnten in Teichen durch StrohdĂŒngung deutlich gesenkt werden. Der Besatz mit Karpfen und mechanische BelĂŒftung und UmwĂ€lzung des Teichwassers begĂŒnstigt die mikrobielle AktivitĂ€t und mikrobielle Biomasse im Teichboden. Daneben förderte die UmwĂ€lzung von Teichwasser die bodenlebenden NĂ€hrtiere und die PrimĂ€rproduktion in Form von Mikroalgen. Weder die einmalige Trockenlegung von Teichen im Winter oder im darauf folgenden Sommer, noch eine dabei durchgefĂŒhrte Bodenkalkung erzeugte eine prozentuale Verringerung der organischen Substanz im Teichboden. Das winterliche Trockenlegen fĂŒhrte dennoch zu einer deutlichen Verringerung des Volumens des Teichschlammes, die nach erneuter VernĂ€sssung nicht reversibel istund nach Wiedereinstau erhalten bleibt. Die Verringerung der Schlammschichten hat ihre Ursache zunĂ€chst eher in einer Verdichtung der Struktur der organischen Substanz und der mineralischen Bestandteile des Bodens. Der Abbau organischer Substanz bedarf daher regelmĂ€ĂŸiger und wiederholter Trockenlegungsphasen. Wir konnten in dieser Studie verdeutlichen, dass durch verschiedene nachhaltige und ökonomisch wie ökologisch vertrĂ€gliche Maßnahmen (und deren Kombination in der Praxis) der Naturertrag von Karpfenteichen zwar in unterschiedlichem Maße, aber dennoch effizient, gesteigert werden kann. Zur AbschĂ€tzung der DĂŒngebedĂŒrftigkeit eines Teiches und als Entscheidungsgrundlage fĂŒr die Wahl des DĂŒngemittels erscheint die Ermittlung einiger Grundparameter, wie z.B. dem Gehalt des Teichbodens an verfĂŒgbarem Phosphor sinnvoll. Hierzu besteht weiterer Forschungsbedarf

    Impact of European Beech Forest Diversification on Soil Organic Carbon and Total Nitrogen Stocks–A Meta-Analysis

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    Drought-sensitive European beech forests are increasingly challenged by climate change. Admixing other, preferably more deep-rooting, tree species has been proposed to increase the resilience of beech forests to drought. This diversification of beech forests might also affect soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) stocks that are relevant for a wide range of soil functions and ecosystem services, such as water and nutrient retention, filter functions and erosion control. Since information of these effects is scattered, our aim was to synthesize results from studies that compared SOC/TN stocks of beech monocultures with those of beech stands mixed with other tree species as well as monocultures of other tree species. We conducted a meta-analysis including 38 studies with 203, 220, and 160 observations for forest floor (i.e., the organic surface layer), mineral soil (0.5 m depth) and the total soil profile, respectively. Monoculture conifer stands had higher SOC stocks compared to monoculture beech in general, especially in the forest floor (up to 200% in larch forests). In contrast, other broadleaved tree species (oak, ash, lime, maple, hornbeam) showed lower SOC stocks in the forest floor compared to beech, with little impact on total SOC stocks. Comparing mixed beech-conifer stands (average mixing ratio with regard to number of trees 50:50) with beech monocultures revealed significantly higher total SOC stocks of around 9% and a smaller increase in TN stocks of around 4%. This equaled a SOC accrual of 0.1 Mg ha−1^{-1} yr−1^{-1}. In contrast, mixed beech-broadleaved stands did not show significant differences in total SOC stocks. Conifer admixture effects on beech forest SOC were of additive nature. Admixing other tree species to beech monoculture stands was most effective to increase SOC stocks on low carbon soils with a sandy texture and nitrogen limitation (i.e., a high C/N ratio and low nitrogen deposition). We conclude that, with targeted admixture measures of coniferous species, an increase in SOC stocks in beech forests can be achieved as part of the necessary adaptation of beech forests to climate change

    CO2-Zertifikate fĂŒr die Festlegung atmosphĂ€rischen Kohlenstoffs in Böden: Methoden, Maßnahmen und Grenzen

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    Agrarböden besitzen durch den Aufbau von organsicher Bodensubstanz (Humus), die zu etwa 58% aus Kohlenstoff (Corg) besteht, ein großes Potential zur Kohlenstoffbindung. Positive Anstrengungen im Humusmanagement könnten daher einen wesentlichen Beitrag fĂŒr den Klimaschutz leisten. FĂŒr Landwirtinnen und Landwirte stellen so genannte CO2-Zertifikate fĂŒr den Aufbau von Corg („Humuszertifikate“) einen zusĂ€tzlichen Anreiz dar, humusfördernde Bewirtschaftungsmaßnahmen umzusetzen. Diese CO2-Zertifikate werden von privatwirtschaftlichen Initiativen und Unternehmen im Bereich des freiwilligen CO2-Markts vergeben. Insbesondere im Bereich der Landwirtschaft wĂ€chst im deutschsprachigen Raum derzeit der Zertifikatehandel fĂŒr den Aufbau von Corg in Agrarböden. Um zum Klimaschutz beizutragen, mĂŒssen bei der Vergabe von Zertifikaten bestimmte Kriterien eingehalten werden. Wissenschaftliche Mindeststandards wurden dabei in der Praxis bislang jedoch wenig berĂŒcksichtigt. In dieser Studie werden Empfehlungen hinsichtlich der Erfassung von Corg (Probenahme, Analytik, Vorratsberechnung), eine Bewertung von Maßnahmen zum Corg-Aufbau, sowie Hinweise zu generellen EinschrĂ€nkungen hinsichtlich des Klimaschutzes ĂŒber CO2-Zertifikate gegeben. CO2-Zertifikate können einen positiven Anstoß geben, damit sich Landwirte verstĂ€rkt mit einer nachhaltigen Bewirtschaftung und Humusversorgung ihrer Böden auseinandersetzen. Da Humus die zentrale SteuergrĂ¶ĂŸe fĂŒr viele Funktionen des Bodens und nicht zuletzt der Bodenfruchtbarkeit darstellt, ist jede Anstrengung fĂŒr mehr Humus sinnvoll. Landwirtinnen und Landwirte, die sich fĂŒr Humusaufbau interessieren, sollten daher hinsichtlich standort- und betriebsspezifischen Optionen zum Aufbau von Corg umfassend unterstĂŒtzt und beraten werden

    Scale-Specific Prediction of Topsoil Organic Carbon Contents Using Terrain Attributes and SCMaP Soil Reflectance Composites

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    There is a growing need for an area-wide knowledge of SOC contents in agricultural soils at the field scale for food security and monitoring long-term changes related to soil health and climate change. In Germany, SOC maps are mostly available with a spatial resolution of 250 m to 1 km2. The nationwide availability of both digital elevation models at various spatial resolutions and multi-temporal satellite imagery enables the derivation of multi-scale terrain attributes and (here: Landsat-based) multi-temporal soil reflectance composites (SRC) as explanatory variables. In the example of a Bavarian test of about 8000 km2, relations between 220 SOC content samples as well as different aggregation levels of the explanatory variables were analyzed for their scale-specific predictive power. The aggregation levels were generated by applying a region-growing segmentation procedure, and the SOC content prediction was realized by the Random Forest algorithm. In doing so, established approaches of (geographic) object-based image analysis (GEOBIA) and machine learning were combined. The modeling results revealed scale-specific differences. Compared to terrain attributes, the use of SRC parameters leads to a significant model improvement at field-related scale levels. The joint use of both terrain attributes and SRC parameters resulted in further model improvements. The best modeling variant is characterized by an accuracy of R2 = 0.84 and RMSE = 1.99

    Organische DĂŒngung in der Karpfenteichwirtschaft: Fischertrag und Umweltaspekte

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    Dieses Mesokosmenexperiment befasst sich mit verschiedenen Maßnahmen zur Steigerung der Naturnahrung in Teichen unter Nutzung natĂŒrlicher Ressourcen. Das Ziel war, Naturertrag, Nachhaltigkeit und ProduktqualitĂ€t in der Karpfenteichwirtschaft zu verbessern. Durch organische DĂŒngung mit Pferde- und HĂŒhnermist (3t/ha) konnte in Teichen mit nĂ€hrstoffĂ€rmeren Teichböden (P2O5-CAL 13,4 mg/100 g Boden) die NĂ€hrtierdichte erhöht und der Fischertrag durchschnittlich um etwa 200 kg/ha gesteigert werden. Zudem hatte die organische DĂŒngung am Ende der Produktionsperiode keinen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Wasser- und BodenqualitĂ€tsparameter

    Intensive slurry management and climate change promote nitrogen mining from organic matter-rich montane grassland soils

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    Aims Consequences of climate change and land use intensification on the nitrogen (N) cycle of organic-matter rich grassland soils in the alpine region remain poorly understood. We aimed to identify fates of fertilizer N and to determine the overall N balance of an organic-matter rich grassland in the European alpine region as influenced by intensified management and warming. Methods We combined 15N cattle slurry labelling with a space for time climate change experiment, which was based on translocation of intact plant-soil mesocosms down an elevational gradient to induce warming of +1 °C and + 3 °C. Mesocosms were subject to either extensive or intensive management. The fate of slurry-N was traced in the plant-soil system. Results Grassland productivity was very high (8.2 t - 19.4 t dm ha−1^{-1} yr−1^{-1}), recovery of slurry 15^{15}N in mowed plant biomass was, however, low (9.6–14.7%), illustrating low fertilizer N use efficiency and high supply of plant available N via mineralization of soil organic matter (SOM). Higher 15N recovery rates (20.2–31.8%) were found in the soil N pool, dominated by recovery in unextractable N. Total 15^{15}N recovery was approximately half of the applied tracer, indicating substantial loss to the environment. Overall, high N export by harvest (107–360 kg N ha−1^{-1} yr−1^{-1}) markedly exceeded N inputs, leading to a negative grassland N balance. Conclusions Here provided results suggests a risk of soil N mining in montane grasslands, which increases both under climate change and land use intensification

    Climate change and management intensity alter spatial distribution and abundance of P mineralizing bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in mountainous grassland soils

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    In mountainous grasslands management adaptations are required to maintain soil functions. We investigated climate change (CC) and management effects on the abundance and potential activity of microbiota catalyzing the major steps of P transformation which are still unknown in these grasslands. Soil samples were taken from intact plant-soil mesocosms managed extensively or intensively (two vs. five mowing and slurry applications, respectively). These mesocosms were previously translocated from high to lower altitudes to simulate two CC scenarios (CC1: +1 °C warming and mean annual precipitation (MAP) of 1347 mm and CC2: +3 °C warming and MAP of 956 mm), while control mesocosms (CC0) were relocated at their original site (6 °C and MAP of 1400 mm). Specific marker genes for P-solubilization (gcd), P-mineralization (phoN, phoD, phnX and appA), P-uptake (pitA and pstS), total bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) were quantified by quantitative real-time PCR. Spatial distributions of phosphatase activities were analyzed in situ by zymography analysis and total organic C, N and P contents were measured. Gene abundances and enzymatic activities were comparable for both managements under CC0, except for phytase-harboring (appA) microbiota which decreased under intensive management. The abundance of microbiota which catalyzes organic P (Po) mineralization (phoN and appA) and those harboring quinoprotein glucose dehydrogenase (gcd) for P solubilization significantly dropped by interacting effects of CC2 and extensive management. The same effect was found for microbes harboring specific P transporters (pitA and pstS). Under intensive management, microbiota catalyzing Po mineralization (phoN and appA), and alkaline phosphatase activities tended to increase in CC2. Noteworthy, the AMF abundance was reduced at 0–5 cm soil depth under CC. Our results suggest that CC and extensive management reduced microbial P solubilization, mineralization and uptake, while management intensification may increase P availability, which leads to shifts in nutrient stoichiometry and decreased AMF abundance

    Effects of crabs on greenhouse gas emissions, soil nutrients, and stoichiometry in a subtropical estuarine wetland 260 __

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    Crabs may elicit effects on wetland carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) concentrations and associated ecological stoichiometry. In this study, we assessed effects of crabs on carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions; soil C, N, and P concentrations; and stoichiometry in upper and mid-tidal flats of an estuarine wetland in China. The results showed that averaged CO2, CH4, and N2O fluxes were greater in the upper and mid-tidal flats in the presence of crabs, being 46.4, 66.7, and 69.7% and 53.6, 143, and 73.1% greater than control, respectively. Mixed model analyses showed overall positive relationships between wetland soil CO2 CH4 and N2O emissions (F = 4.65, P = 0.033; F = 42.42, P = 0.042 and F = 10.2, P = 0.0018, respectively) in the presence of crabs, taking into account season, flooding intensity, and plot effects. This may be related to the direct effects of respiration and the indirect effects of feeding, excretion, and disturbance of soil on microorganisms and/or plant roots. There were no effects of crabs on total C or N concentrations, whereas decreased soil total P concentrations, especially in the upper-tidal flats (P = 0.04). Crab presence was positively associated with soil C/P and N/P ratios (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.0001, respectively), taking into account season, flooding intensity, and plot effects. In the upper and mid-tidal flats, soil CO2 emissions were negatively correlated with total soil C; CH4 emissions were positively correlated with ratios of C/N and C/P; and N2O emissions were positively correlated with N content. In general, global warming potential (GWP) of the upper-tidal flats in the presence of crabs increased by 138% compared with the absence of crabs, and GWP of the mid-tidal flats in the presence of crabs increased by 99.3% compared with the absence of crabs. Global warming and associated flooding rise in several coastal wetland areas are favoring benthic fauna number enhancement, and this in turn increases GWP of overall gas emissions further contributing to future warming rise

    Soil Reflectance Composites - Improved Thresholding and Performance Evaluation

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    Reflectance composites that capture bare soil pixels from multispectral image data are increasingly being analysed to model soil constituents such as soil organic carbon. These temporal composites are used instead of single-date multispectral images to account for the frequent vegetation cover of soils and, thus, to get broader spatial coverage of bare soil pixels. Most soil compositing techniques require thresholds derived from spectral indices such as the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Normalised Burn Ratio 2 (NBR2) to separate bare soils from all other land cover types. However, the threshold derivation is handled based on expert knowledge of a specific area, statistical percentile definitions or in situ data. For operational processors, such site-specific and partly manual strategies are not applicable. There is a need for a more generic solution to derive thresholds for large-scale processing without manual intervention. This study presents a novel HIstogram SEparation Threshold (HISET) methodology deriving spectral index thresholds and testing them for a Sentinel-2 temporal data stack. The technique is spectral indexindependent, data-driven and can be evaluated based on a quality score. We tested HISET for building six soil reflectance composites (SRC) using NDVI, NBR2 and a new index combining the NDVI and a short-wave infrared (SWIR) band (PV+IR2). A comprehensive analysis of the spectral and spatial performance and accuracy of the resulting SRCs proves the flexibility and validity of HISET. Disturbance effects such as spectral confusion of bare soils with non-photosynthetic-active vegetation (NPV) could be reduced by choosing grassland and crops as input LC for HISET. The NBR2-based SRC spectra showed the highest similarity with LUCAS spectra, the broadest spatial coverage of bare soil pixels and the least number of valid observations per pixel. The spatial coverage of bare soil pixels is validated against the database of the Integrated Administration and Control System (IACS) of the European Commission. Validation results show that PV+IR2-based SRCs outperform the other two indices, especially in spectrally mixed areas of bare soil, photosynthetic-active vegetation and NPV. The NDVI-based SRCs showed the lowest confidence values (95%) in all bands. In the future, HISET shall be tested in other areas with different environmental conditions and LC characteristics to evaluate if the findings of this study are also valid
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