83 research outputs found
Imports in the Washington State Economy: Importance and Regional Effects of Import Liberalization
This paper focuses on the import side of a regional economy quantifying the economic impact of import levels and trade liberalization. An innovation represents the linkage of a regional with a national model by combining two separate Computable General Equilibrium models into one framework. This allows for import price formation in liberalization scenarios on the national level and subsequent incorporation of these nationally simulated prices into the regional model. The regional model is applied to Washington State, one of the most trade dependent states of the U.S, the national model to the U.S. Data for the two identically structured models origin from the IMPLAN database which divides the U.S. and Washington economy into 509 industries. For both models, Monte Carlo techniques are used to mitigate parameter uncertainty inherent in CGE specifications. Two scenarios are simulated that differ in the assumptions about the macroeconomic and factor market adjustment options of the economies.Computable General equilibrium, regional modelling, trade liberalization, International Relations/Trade, C68, R13, F17,
The Bioterrorism Act of the USA and international food trade: Evaluating WTO conformity and effects on bilateral imports
The September 11th event focused the world's attention on the threat of bioterrorism to the food chain. As a consequence, the U.S. implemented the Bioterrorism Act (BTA). These new administrative import rules will be evaluated regarding WTO conformity and trade impact. This analysis is based on an inventory approach systematizing the BTA, and a trade flow analysis. The BTA do not significantly deviate from WTO rules, however, the findings are driven by existing flexibility in international administrative import guidelines. The trade analysis highlights that products and countries with prior expedited or less regulated procedures and small import quantities are affected.Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, International Relations/Trade,
Regulatory SPS instruments in meat trade
Policy makers have to choose between different potentially risk-reducing instruments regulating agri-food trade. Analysing the meat sector, the paper aims at identifying least trade distorting regulations for different policy goals relevant to the SPS agreement. For this purpose, a non-linear gravity model is estimated by Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood and applied to a panel data set at HS 4-digit level. Regulations are distinguished by a frequency approach allowing to identify the least trade distorting regulation for each policy objective. The results suggest significant differences of trade impacts between types of sanitary regulations.agri-food trade, gravity model, Poisson regression, Agricultural and Food Policy, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, International Relations/Trade, C23, F14, Q17,
Aharonov-Bohm oscillations in the presence of strong spin-orbit interactions
We have measured highly visible Aharonov-Bohm (AB) oscillations in a ring
structure defined by local anodic oxidation on a p-type GaAs heterostructure
with strong spin-orbit interactions. Clear beating patterns observed in the raw
data can be interpreted in terms of a spin geometric phase. Besides h/e
oscillations, we resolve the contributions from the second harmonic of AB
oscillations and also find a beating in these h/2e oscillations. A resistance
minimum at B=0T, present in all gate configurations, is the signature of
destructive interference of the spins propagating along time-reversed paths.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, published versio
Aharonov-Bohm oscillations in p-type GaAs quantum rings
We have explored phase coherent transport of holes in two p-type GaAs quantum
rings with orbital radii 420 nm and 160 nm fabricated with AFM oxidation
lithography. Highly visible Aharonov-Bohm (AB) oscillations are measured in
both rings, with an amplitude of the oscillations exceeding 10% of the total
resistance in the case of the ring with a radius of 160 nm. Beside the h/e
oscillations, we resolve the contributions from higher harmonics of the AB
oscillations. The observation of a local resistance minimum at B=0 T in both
rings is a signature of the destructive interference of the holes' spins. We
show that this minimum is related to the minimum in the h/2e oscillations.Comment: Proceedings of EP2DS-17, Genova 2007; Accepted for Physica E; 3
pages, 3 figure
Semiconductor membranes for electrostatic exciton trapping in optically addressable quantum transport devices
Combining the capabilities of gate defined quantum transport devices in
GaAs-based heterostructures and of optically addressed self-assembled quantum
dots could open broad perspectives for new devices and functionalities. For
example, interfacing stationary solid-state qubits with photonic quantum states
would open a new pathway towards the realization of a quantum network with
extended quantum processing capacity in each node. While gated devices allow
very flexible confinement of electrons or holes, the confinement of excitons
without some element of self-assembly is much harder. To address this
limitation, we introduce a technique to realize exciton traps in quantum wells
via local electric fields by thinning a heterostructure down to a 220 nm thick
membrane. We show that mobilities over
cmVs can be retained and that quantum point contacts and
Coulomb oscillations can be observed on this structure, which implies that the
thinning does not compromise the heterostructure quality. Furthermore, the
local lowering of the exciton energy via the quantum-confined Stark effect is
confirmed, thus forming exciton traps. These results lay the technological
foundations for devices like single photon sources, spin photon interfaces and
eventually quantum network nodes in GaAs quantum wells, realized entirely with
a top-down fabrication process.Comment: v2: added missing acknowledgement. v3: fixed typos in acknolwedgemen
Olfactory Nomenclature: An Orchestrated Effort to Clarify Terms and Definitions of Dysosmia, Anosmia, Hyposmia, Normosmia, Hyperosmia, Olfactory Intolerance, Parosmia, and Phantosmia/Olfactory Hallucination
BACKGROUND: Definitions are essential for effective communication and discourse, particularly in science. They allow the shared understanding of a thought or idea, generalization of knowledge, and comparison across scientific investigation. The current terms describing olfactory dysfunction are vague and overlapping. SUMMARY: As a group of clinical olfactory researchers, we propose the standardization of the terms "dysosmia," "anosmia," "hyposmia," "normosmia," "hyperosmia," "olfactory intolerance," "parosmia," and "phantosmia" (or "olfactory hallucination") in olfaction-related communication, with specific definitions in this text. KEY MESSAGES: The words included in this paper were determined as those which are most frequently used in the context of olfactory function and dysfunction, in both clinical and research settings. Despite widespread use in publications, however, there still exists some disagreement in the literature regarding the definitions of terms related to olfaction. Multiple overlapping and imprecise terms that are currently in use are confusing and hinder clarity and universal understanding of these concepts. There is a pressing need to have a unified agreement on the definitions of these olfactory terms by researchers working in the field of chemosensory sciences. With the increased interest in olfaction, precise use of these terms will improve the ability to integrate and advance knowledge in this field
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