Dampak Perpaduan Obat ARV Pada Pasien HIV/AIDS Ditinjau Dari Kenaikan Jumlah Limfosit CD4+ Di RSUD Dok II Kota Jayapura

The purpose of ARV is reducing the rate of transmission, reducing morbidity and mortalityassociated with HIV, restoring and maintaining the immune system and suppressing the viralreplication maximal. Dok II Hospital is one of the hospitals that provide care and ARV therapy forpatients HIV. The number of patients increasing each year, it is necessary to evaluate the success ofARV drugs on a regular basis in order to achieve optimal outcomes. One way of monitoring is tolook at the efficacy of a combination of ARV drugs on the immune response of the increase is theincrease in Lymphocyte CD4+ cell count. To determine the efficacy of ARV combination based onthe increase in CD4 cell counts of patients after 6-12 months of ARV treatment in Dok II Hospital in2011-2012. The study was an observational. Data were collected retrospectively on secondary datafrom medical records of patients who met the inclusion criteria. Data were analyzed by ANOVA. Sixobtained the drug combination gave good efficacy based on a significant increase in LymphocyteCD4+ cell counts in patients with HIV/AIDS who receive ARV drugs in combination II and V (pvalue = 0.002) and the combination of III and V (p value = 0.033) while for other combinationsbetween no significant difference. The sixth best combination ARV efficacy there are 2 that thecombination II and V combination

COVID-19 MOLECULAR-BASED TESTING CAPACITY IN FIVE CUSTOMARY AREAS OF PAPUA

Background: COVID-19 (Corona Virus Disease-19) is a disease that emerged at the end of December 2019 and was declared a world pandemic by the WHO (World Health Organization) in March 2020. The gold standard for testing for covid-19 until now is molecular-based virus detection with RT-PCR (Real Time-Polymerase Chain Reaction) and TCM (Molecular Rapid Test). In the early of this pandemic, Indonesia, especially Papua, still had difficulty examining COVID-19 due to limited laboratories that could carry out these tests. Aims: This study aimed to see the laboratory's ability from various regencies representing five customary Papuan areas Methods: This research was a descriptive study that uses primary data and secondary data collected from the Provincial and Regency Papua  COVID-19 Response Acceleration Task Force and the representative hospitals of 5 customary Papuan areas (Saireri, Ha anim, Mee Pago, Lapago, Mamta) Results: There are several challenges and things that need to be considered by all stakeholders involved in examining COVID-19 in Papua so that the examination capacity can be maximally increased. Conclusion: Regency that only has GeneXpert are recommended to have qPCR so that the acceleration of COVID-19 testing in Papua Province can be carried out. The qPCR can be procured in several cities/regencies within one customary area so that sample delivery can be done more quickly without having to send samples to Jayapura Cit

ANALISIS SOAL PENILAIAN AKHIR SEMESTER (PAS) MATEMATIKA KELAS V DITINJAU DARI ASPEK HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS)

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi permasalahan mengenai pentingnya soal HOTS. Namun, untuk mendukung hal tersebut ternyata masih jarang dilakukannya analisis soal dan jarang diterapkannya soal berbasis HOTS pada soal Penilaian Akhir Semester (PAS), sehingga soal tersebut belum diketahui apakah dapat mengukur kemampuan berpikir tingkat tinggi siswa atau tidak. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui persentase soal HOTS dalam soal Penilaian Akhir Semester (PAS) matematika kelas ⅴ dan kemampuan siswa dalam menyelesaikan soal HOTS. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian kualitatif dengan metode analisis isi/dokumen. Hasil penelitian bersumber dari soal PAS matematika kelas ⅴ dan didukung oleh tiga orang siswa kelas ⅴ. Teknik pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan studi dokumentasi dan wawancara. Analisis data yang digunakan yaitu reduksi data, penyajian data dan penarikan kesimpulan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang dilakukan pada soal Penilaian Akhir Semester (PAS) matematika kelas ⅴ ditemukan soal C1 0%, C2 50% , C3 23%, C4 23%, C5 3% dan C6 0%. Sehingga dalam soal PAS diperoleh soal Lower Order Thinking Skill (LOTS) 50%, Middle Order Thinking Skill (MOTS) 23% dan Higher Order Thinking Skill (HOTS) 27%. Siswa yang berkemampuan matematika tinggi mampu menyelesaikan soal HOTS pada indikator C4 sedangkan siswa yang berkemampuan matematika sedang dan rendah belum mampu menyelesaikan soal HOTS. Kata kunci : Penilaian Akhir Semester (PAS), Matematika, Higher Order Thinking Skill (HOTS) ----- ABSTRACT This research is motivated by the problem of the importance of HOTS questions. However, to support this, it turns out that question analysis is still rarely done and HOTS-based questions are rarely applied to the Final Semester Assessment (PAS) questions, so it is not known whether the questions can measure students' higher-order thinking skills or not. The purpose of this study was to determine the percentage of HOTS questions in the Final Semester Assessment (PAS) math class and students' ability to solve HOTS questions. This study uses a qualitative research design with content/document analysis methods. The results of the study were sourced from the PAS math class questions and were supported by three students from class . Data collection techniques in this study used documentation studies and interviews. The data analysis used is data reduction, data presentation and conclusion drawing. Based on the results of the research conducted on the Mathematics Final Semester Assessment (PAS) questions for class , it was found that C1 0%, C2 50%, C3 23%, C4 23%, C5 3% and C6 0%. So that in terms of PAS Lower Order Thinking Skill (LOTS) is obtained, 23% Middle Order Thinking Skill (MOTS) and 27% Higher Order Thinking Skill (HOTS). Students with high math abilities are able to solve HOTS questions on the C4 indicator while students with moderate and low math abilities have not been able to solve HOTS questions. Keywords: Final Semester Assessmen (FSA), Mathematics, Higher Order Thinking Skill (HOTS

Viral and Host Factors are Related to the Progression of HIV Diseases in Mimika, Papua

BACKGROUND: Papua has a high cumulative number of HIV, which has expanded epidemic status with the most risk factors are heterosexuals. AIM: This study aims to determine factors associated with HIV disease progression include host and viral factors. METHODS: Eighty-four subjects recruited in Rumah Sakit Mitra Masyarakat (RSMM) VCT’s laboratory, interviewed with questionnaires and also did laboratory examinations. HIV-1 subtypes were identified using RT-PCR, nested PCR and sequencing. Then, CD4+ data is checked using PIMA Analyzer. Demographic and clinical data obtained from the patient's medical record. After collected, data were analysed using Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: The results showed two factors that influence the progression of HIV disease were HIV subtypes (p = 0.002) and Body Mass Index (p = 0.033). The HIV-1 subtype also correlated with CD4+ levels with a value of p = 0.04. CONCLUSION: HIV-1 subtype correlates with HIV progression, so it is necessary to develop HIV/AIDS management strategies and clinical counselling

Demographic and clinical characteristics associated with tobacco smoking and alcohol use disorder among heterosexual people living with HIV in West Papua, Indonesia

Introduction: Tobacco smoking and Alcohol use disorder (AUD) are common among People living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV), which is associated with increased mortality and morbidity. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of tobacco smoking and AUD, as well as assess the factors associated with tobacco smoking and AUD among heterosexual PLHIV in West Papua. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving PLHIV on antiretroviral therapy (ART) at the voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) clinic in Manokwari, Sorong City, and Fak-Fak district. Data were collected from 237 PLHIV using a consecutive sampling technique and interview. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the prevalence and estimate the factors associated with current tobacco smoking and AUD. Results: The prevalence of tobacco smoking and AUD among PLHIV was 30.8% and 34.6%, respectively. There were statistically significant associated between tobacco smoking and gender (OR=2.881, CI=2.201-3.772), occupation (OR=1.375, CI=1.116-1.622), CD4+ count (OR=1.865, CI=1.865, CI=1.068-3.259) and opportunistic infections (OR=1.348, CI=1.054-1.7240. In addition, there were statistically significant associated between AUD and gender (OR=2.951, CI=2.16-3.930), occupation (OR=1.392, CI=1.178-1.645), CD4+ count (OR=1.769, CI=1.031-3.073), and opportunistic infections (OR=1.445, CI=1.134-1.842). Conclusions: Gender, occupation, CD4+ count levels, and opportunistic infection factors were associated with tobacco smoking and AUD among heterosexual PLHIV in West Papua. These findings highlight the critical need for an efficient cigarette and alcohol use control program for PLHIV in developing countries such as Indonesia, especially in West Papua

Hubungan Jumlah Cluster of Differentiation 4 (CD4) dengan Infeksi Oportunistik Pada Pasien HIV/AIDS di Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah (RSUD) DOK II Jayapura

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is an infection that attacks and weakens the immune system. HIV infection causes a decrease in the number of Cluster Differentiation 4 (CD4) thereby increasing the progression of the disease and lead to high risk of opportunistic infections (OI). The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between CD4 cell count with opportunistic infections in patients infected with HIV/AIDS. Analytical research methods using cross-sectional design, by taking medical records. The population in this study were 67 patients with HIV/AIDS in the VCT Clinic Dok II Hospital Jayapura 2014. Data were processed with the Chi Square test hypotheses. Based on the results of hypothesis testing of 67 patients, there were 21 people have opportunistic infections. Tuberculosis is an opportunistic infection that is most common (17.9%). Significance of the relationship seen in the low CD4 counts (< 350 cells/mm3) and found value of 0.02 (CI 95%) which indicates that there is a relationship if p<0.05. Conclusion: there is a relationship between CD4 cell count with opportunistic infections.Key words: CD4, opportunistic infection, HIV/AIDS, hospital

Heterosexual Transmission as a CRF01_AE HIV-1 Spread Factor in Mimika Papua

The HIV epidemic has particular characteristic on each region. The genetic diversity of HIV-1 would affect variability of HIV virus that could potentially most virulent, pathogenic and high transmission rate. Thus it triggers the disease progresivity more rapidly and caused&nbsp; a new pandemic of HIV infection. The aim of the study is determine the genetic characteristics of HIV-1 on patient with heterosexual transmission based on gene fragment encoding the glycoprotein-41 (gp41) of HIV envelope. Descriptive analytic method and cross sectional design were attended on VCT clinic Mitra Masyarakat Mimika in March-May 2015. Samples of blood plasma from patient with HIV-1 sexual transmission wer amplified using RT-PCR and nested PCR. Genetic characteristics were analyzed with DNA Sequencing using software Bioedit and Mega 5. Identification using sequence analysis&nbsp; showed two subtypes of HIV patient in Mimika, which were CRF01_AE and B subtypes. There were 40 patients (87%) identified as having genetic characteristics CRF01_AE. Subtypes B was also identified in 6 heterosexual patients. This study suggest that CRF01_AE have heterosexual transmission risk higher than subtype B. Predominance of CRF01_AE contribute to the rapid spread of the HIV epidemic in Mimik

Analisis Subtipe HIV-1 dan Faktor Penyebarannya pada Penderita HIV di RS. Yowari Kabupaten Jayapura, Papua

Acquaired immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a symptoms caused by infection with Human Immuno-deficiency Virus (HIV). There are two types of HIV genetically distinguished as HIV-1 and HIV-2 subtype. Subtypes of HIV-1 globally have different distribution in state, where geographical factors could affected to the subtype differences. Papua is one of the provinces that have high case of HIV/AIDS. High number of people with HIV/AIDS in Papua caused by new regional area expansion and mobilization of the population in province and district area. This study was aimed to identify the sub type HIV-1 and the risk factors that correlated in the transmission of HIV-1 type. The research study was performed by cross-sectional design. There were 36 HIV patient sample respondent willing to participate in research and they were sign inform consent. Subtype HIV-1 identification was performed by used Nested-PCR, sequencing, and BLAST to found subtype HIV-1. The interview method used a questionnaires to found of  the risk factors  related to subtype HIV-1. The results of research showed that HIV-1 subtype found in people with HIV in Yowari hospital is CRF01_AE subtype (31 respondent) and subtype B ( 5 respondent). Chi-squre and Fisher exact test analysis of risk factors that influence the spread of HIV-1 subtype showed a non significant results. The research study concluded sub-type HIV-1 in patients is CRF01_AE and subtype B and  there were not correlated risk factors with HIV-1 subtype.Key words: HIV/AIDS , type HIV-1 , CRF01_AE , Sub type-B, RS Yowari

IDENTIFICATION OF ANTIRETROVIRAL MUTATION IN PROTEASE AND REVERSE TRANCRIPTASE INHIBITOR IN HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS-1 OF HIV/AIDS PATIENTS IN MIMIKA REGENCY, PAPUA

Treatment with RT Inhibitors has been used as first line program in Mimika. Regular use of antiretroviral drugs can lower the amount of the virus, but after that HIV can become resistant to the drugs given. Viral resistance to the drugs can occur because of a mutation. If the resistance-associated mutations occur in the DNA of the virus, then the ARV provided will no longer be effective. The aim of this study was to identify the presence of resistance-associated mutations in DNA fragment that encodes the protease and reverse transcriptase. This study used cross sectional design with 84 subjects who had received antiretroviral for > 6 months. The study was conducted in Mitra Masyarakat Mimika Hospital. Laboratory process included extraction, RT-PCR, electrophoresis and sequencing. Data analysis used resistance interpretation algorithms in HIV Database. Results showed that 1 subject who did not receive protease therapy was identified as having minor mutation L10V, 1 subjects receiving NRTI inhibitors had mutation M184V motive and 1 subjects with M41L motive and 1 subjects who received NNRTI inhibitor therapy identified as having mutated Y181C and V108I motive. In conclusion, mutant HIV-1 related to ARV resistance has been identified in two subjects who had received antiretroviral therapy in Mitra Masyarakat Mimika Hospital

PREDICTOR OF ANEMIA AMONG PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV TAKING TENOFOVIR+LAMIVUDINE+EFAVIRENZ THERAPY IN JAYAPURA, PAPUA

Background: The most common hematological abnormality among people infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is anemia. This is also related to high mortality risk among patients receiving Antiretroviral Therapy (ART). Purpose: This study aimed to identify predictors of anemia among HIV patients taking ART using a regimen of the single-tablet drug contain tenofovir, lamivudine, and efavirenz in Jayapura, Papua. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at Jayapura regional hospital from June to September 2017. A total of 80 HIV patients were eligible for analysis. Data collection was conducted through an interview, medical record, measurement, and laboratory assay. The significance of differences among categorical variables was analyzed using Fisher’s exact test. The variables with p \u3c 0.25 were then analyzed using binary logistic regression to determine predictors associated with anemia. A threshold of p \u3c 0.05 indicates statistical significance. Results: This study showed that Body Mass Index (BMI) \u3c18.50 (p = 0.01; OR = 5.63; 95% CI = 1.43 \u3c OR \u3c 22.19), length on ART ≤12 months (p = 0.00; OR = 4.90; 95% CI = 1.65 \u3c OR \u3c 14.53), and Cluster of Differentiation 4 (CD4+) percentage out of normal (p = 0.02; OR = 0.19; 95% CI = 0.05 \u3c OR \u3c0.77) had a significant association with anemia. Conclusion: BMI, length on ART, and CD4+ percentage were predictors of anemia among HIV patients taking antiretroviral therapy containing tenofovir, lamivudine, and efavirenz regimen in Jayapura