Flooded forests: Death by drowning, not herbivory

Trees on small islands formed when a new hydroelectric dam was filled are said to have been killed by leaf-cutter ants that were no longer regulated by their armadillo predators. This top-down hypothesis is questioned and an alternative bottom-up hypothesis is proposed: the trees died because their roots were flooded.White, T.C.R

Impacto da adubação orgânica sobre a incidência de tripes em cebola.

Analisou-se a relação entre adubação orgânica e a incidência de Thrips tabaci Lind. em cebola (Allium cepa L), na EE de Ituporanga,entre agosto e dezembro de 1998. Os tratamentos foram determinados de acordo com a necessidade de N para a cultura pela análise de solo. Empregou-se como fonte orgânica diversos adubos fornecendo 75 Kg/ha de N (esterco suíno; adubo Barriga Verde proveniente de esterco de aves; composto orgânico; esterco de peru; húmus); 37,5 Kg/ha de N (metade da dose normal com esterco de suíno); as testemunhas foram adubação mineral fornecendo 30-120-60 kg/ha de N-P2O5-K2O e o dobro da dose (60-240-120 kg/ha de N-P2O5-K2O); e testemunha sem adubação. Nenhum tratamento apresentou incidência de T. tabaci superior à testemunha sem adubo. A adubação mineral em relação à orgânica não favoreceu significativamente a incidência de T. tabaci . O processo de conversão do manejo do solo da área experimental de convencional para orgânico pode ter favorecido a infestação similar do inseto entre tratamentos. No período de maior incidência de T. tabaci, a relação com nutrientes foi descrita por um modelo envolvendo K/Zn, B e N de maneira positiva. A correlação entre nutrientes e T. tabaci não foi linear na maioria das avaliações. A adubação orgânica pode substituir a adubação mineral na cultura da cebola, pois foi possível atingir níveis de produtividade similares para ambos tratamentos

What has stopped the cycles of sub-Arctic animal populations? Predators or food?

The populations of many species of sub-Arctic animals have recently ceased to fluctuate cyclically. The ultimate cause of this would seem to be changes in the weather, and the proximate cause has been credited to less winter snow allowing predators better access to their prey, thus enabling them to prevent surges in the prey's abundance. But there is evidence that this is not so; that, rather, the numbers of predators are limited by the abundance of their prey. Furthermore, there is alternative evidence that suggests that changes in the cyclical availability of food, brought about by changing weather conditions, may be dampening fluctuations in the abundance of these populations. On the wider ecological front, the evidence presented here further supports the commonality of how a shortage of food of a quality that can support breeding, not the action of predators, generally limits the abundance of populations of both prey and predator. © 2011 Gesellschaft für Ökologie.T.C.R. Whit

How should toxic secondary metabolites be distributed between the leaves of a fast-growing plant to minimize the impact of herbivory?

1. This paper considers the possibility that the key determinant of leaf age feeding preferences in foliovores is not the concentration of either nutrients or secondary metabolites, but is the ratio of the two. 2. In some fast-growing plants, nitrogen is most heavily defended by defensive toxins in the young leaves. This empowers the use of a simple model of leaf-age preference, based on the conflict between maximizing nutrient intake and minimizing toxicosis. 3. Young leaves are particularly valuable, not only because they lock up nitrogen, but also because their assimilative value is high. We calculate the loss of value due to herbivory and find that, if the herbivore is moderately intolerant of toxicity and feeds selectively on its predicted optimal leaf age, the costs of damage are greatly reduced. However, efficient toxin distribution protects the plant only if it grows rapidly, so that the well protected young foliage retains a high value. 4. The trends are reconcilable with observed leaf-age preferences of both polyphagous and oligophagous species. There is, as yet, little empirical evidence to substantiate the model, but it may be useful for future studies to focus on the toxin:nutrient ratio as a potentially important determinant of feeding preferences