Convective Heating Predictions of Apollo IV Flight Data

It has been more than 50 years since NASA engineers have attempted to design a manned space vehicle with the capability to return from beyond low Earth orbit. In this interval, our methodologies for designing the thermal protection system (TPS) to protect humans from the extremely high temperatures of re-entry have changed significantly. With these considerations in mind, we return to the Apollo IV (AS-501) flight data. This incredible data set allows us to assess the current tools and methodologies being used to design Orion MPCV. In particular, our ability to predict the aftbody separated region convective heating environments for MPCV is critical. The design uses reusable TPS in this area, whereas Apollo designers used ablative TPS which can withstand much more severe environments. This presentation will revisit the flight data, summarize the assumptions going into the analysis, present the results and draw conclusions regarding how accurately we can currently predict the heating in the aftbody separated region of a re-entry capsule

The radial forearm free flap versus the nasolabial flap in adults having reconstructive surgery for oral cancer : a comparison of quality of life outcomes

Background : Surgical resection is the preferred treatment for tongue cancer. The Radial Forearm Free Flap (RFFF) has classically been used in oral reconstructions, however, there has been research into an alternative option in the form of the Nasolabial Flap (NLF). Surgical research is becoming more and more focussed on Quality of Life (QOL) outcomes as a way to measure a successful recovery. As a result, this review has focused on QOL as well as functional outcomes. Objective : The aim of this review is to determine if there are better QOL outcomes between patients undergoing tongue reconstruction with the NLF or the RFFF. The quality and limitations of the included papers will be discussed. Methods : Four databases were searched using set search terms and inclusion/exclusion criteria. These searches yielded fourteen final papers which were assessed using a CASP checklist and a bias tool for quality. Results : A variety of outcome measures were featured; despite this, all the papers found good functional and QOL results at follow-up. There were problems with bias throughout all the papers and several reoccurring limitations such as small sample size and the retrospective nature of all but one study. Conclusion : Due to the significant amount of bias found, the overall low quality of literature available, and discrepancies between outcome measures, further research is needed in the form of a long-term prospective study with a larger cohort that includes objective outcome measures.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Apollo IV (AS-501): Convective Heating Predictions of Flight Data

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Using the Stroop Test to Indicate Levels of Muscle Dysmorphia in Men

Muscle dysmorphia a disorder in which a person obsesses over not being muscular enough. The purpose of the current study is to discover whether the Stroop Test can be used to find symptoms of muscle dysmorphia. Participants first fill out a demographics questionnaire. Then they completed a task using E-Prime computer software. Participants are presented with a group of neutral and bodyrelated words in blue, green, yellow, or orange. They indicated the color of the word by pressing the first letter of the color on the keyboard. The reaction time, as well as the number of errors, is measured. Muscle dysmorphia symptoms were also analyzed by having participants complete a short muscle dysmorphia questionnaire. It was hypothesized that participants with higher levels of muscle dysmorphia would have slower reaction times and commit more errors than participants with low levels of muscle dysmorphia. Results revealed that all of the participants responded quickest to body words, followed by neutral words, and lastly, color words. This may have been due to flaws in the methodology of the study, specifically the use of a nonclinical sample

Orion MPCV Continuum RCS Heating Augmentation Model Development

The reaction control system jets of the Orion Multi Purpose Crew Vehicle can have a significant impact on the magnitude and distribution of the surface heat flux on the leeside of the aft-body, when they are fired. Changes in surface heating are expressed in terms of augmentation factor over the baseline smooth body heating. Wind tunnel tests revealed heating augmentation factors as high as 13.0, 7.6, 2.8, and 5.8 for the roll, pitch down, pitch up, and yaw jets respectively. Heating augmentation factor models, based almost exclusively on data from a series of wind tunnel tests have been developed, for the purposes of thermal protection system design. The wind tunnel tests investigated several potential jet-to-freestream similarity parameters, and heating augmentation factors derived from the data showed correlation with the jet-to-freestream momentum ratio. However, this correlation was not utilized in the developed models. Instead augmentation factors were held constant throughout the potential trajectory space. This simplification was driven by the fact that ground to flight traceability and sting effects are not well understood. Given the sensitivity of the reaction control system jet heating augmentation to configuration, geometry, and orientation the focus in the present paper is on the methodology used to develop the models and the lessons learned from the data. The models that are outlined in the present work are specific to the aerothermal database used to design the thermal protection system for the Exploration Flight Test 1 vehicle

Rocket Plume Scaling for Orion Wind Tunnel Testing

A wind tunnel test program was undertaken to assess the jet interaction effects caused by the various solid rocket motors used on the Orion Launch Abort Vehicle (LAV). These interactions of the external flowfield and the various rocket plumes can cause localized aerodynamic disturbances yielding significant and highly non-linear control amplifications and attenuations. This paper discusses the scaling methodologies used to model the flight plumes in the wind tunnel using cold air as the simulant gas. Comparisons of predicted flight, predicted wind tunnel, and measured wind tunnel forces-and-moments and plume flowfields are made to assess the effectiveness of the selected scaling methodologies

Illness Uncertainty and Attributional Style in Children with Juvenile Rheumatic Diseases: an Examination of a Cognitive Diathesis-stress Model

The present study attempted to examine the influences of children's causal attributions for disease unrelated events on depression under varying levels of perceived illness uncertainty in a sample of children with juvenile rheumatic disease (JRD). Participants were 50 (31 females; 19 males) children and adolescents between the ages of nine and 17 (M = 13.62; SD = 2.42) and their parents. Participants were recruited through the Pediatric Rheumatology Clinic at the Children's Hospital of Oklahoma in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. The physician completed a Provider Questionnaire, which was designed to obtain patient information regarding diagnoses, date of diagnoses, and current disease activity. Parents completed the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI; Derogatis & Melisaratos, 1983) while either in the clinic or through packets mailed to the participant's home. Children completed a background information questionnaire, the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI; Kovacs, 1983; 1992), the Children Uncertainty in Illness Scale (CUIS; Mullins & Hartman, 1995), and the Children's Attributional Style Questionnaire-Revised (CASQ-R; Kaslow & Nolen-Hoeksema, 1991).Findings and Conclusions: Results of the present study revealed main effect relationships between the three primary attribution dimensions (global negative, stable negative, and internal negative) and depression. Further, although no main effect of illness uncertainty on CDI depression was observed, results supported illness uncertainty as a moderator in the global negative attribution-depression relationship. These findings suggest the need to focus on examining cognitive variables in the adjustment process. Specifically, interventions should focus on minimizing pervasive negative attributions by increasing positive experiences in disease unrelated areas of their lives. Because illness uncertainty also appears to be a critical factor in determining psychological outcome in children and adolescents with JRD, results suggest that clinical interventions should focus on providing the family with sufficient information about the disease course, which may result in more realistic disease expectations and decreased child depression.Department of Psycholog