"Clone Wars": Episode II - The Next Generation: The Copyright Implications relating to 3D Printing and Computer-Aided Design (CAD) Files

The future market potential of 3D printing will rest on the dissemination of Computer Aided Design (CAD) files. Without clear instructions from a CAD file, a 3D printer will not function. In fact, “a 3D printer without an attached computer and a good design file is as useless as an iPod without music”. The importance of CAD-based design files, therefore, cannot be underestimated. Drawing on UK and EU copyright laws and their application to 3D printing and CAD files, this paper will, first, question whether CAD files can be protected by copyright law before considering the copyright implications thrown up by the modification of CAD files as a result of scanning and the use of online tools. Highlighting some of the challenges for rights holders and users existent in the present law the paper advocates new business models over a premature call for stringent intellectual property laws before concluding with some recommendations for the future

Food menus within New Zealand primary school canteens: Do they meet the guidance?

ISSUE ADDRESSED: Unhealthy food and drinks are widely available in New Zealand school canteens. The aim of this study was to assess primary school canteen food menus against the newly implemented Ministry of Health 'Food and Drink Guidance for Schools'. METHODS: A convenience sample of 133 primary school canteen menus was collected in 2020 as part of the baseline evaluation of the Healthy Active Learning initiative across New Zealand. A menu analysis toolkit was developed to assess menus in accordance with the Ministry of Health's 'Food and Drink Guidance for Schools' which classifies food items into three food categories: 'green', 'amber' and 'red'. RESULTS: Most menu items belonged to the less healthy amber (41.0%) and red (40%) food categories. Low decile schools had a lower percentage of green food items (8.6%) and a higher percentage of red food items (48.3%) compared to high decile schools. Sandwiches, filled rolls and wraps were the most commonly available items, followed by baked foods and foods with pastry. Over half of the in-house canteen menu items were classified as 'red' foods (55.3%). CONCLUSIONS: Most school canteens were not meeting the guidelines for healthy food and drink provision outlined by the Ministry of Health. Improving the food environment for children in socio-economically deprived areas needs to be prioritised to reduce inequities. SO WHAT?: This study highlights the unhealthy food environments in New Zealand schools and emphasises the need for more robust national policies and mandated school guidance.fals

Exploring the Nutrition-Related Health of the Ageing Population in Fiji: A Narrative Review.

Fijis' older population aged 55 years and over makes up 14% of the total population and is expected to reach 20% by 2050. This narrative review aimed to examine the health and nutrition status of the aging population of Fiji and sociodemographic determinants. A search strategy was conducted throughout databases, and gray literature from relevant websites was searched. Due to the limited evidence regarding the nutrition, health, and socio-economic factors that impact the aging population in Fiji the inclusion criteria were broad and included both genders (male and female), all publications up until December 2022, all study designs, and gray literature (government/institutional reports, conference proceedings, guidelines, Act, and Policies) . There was no filter for date applied in the search criteria. Studies that did not meet the search criteria were excluded. 20 documents including published articles were included for analysis and result synthesis. Life expectancy at birth for the Fiji population is 68 years. A significant annual increase in mortality rate from endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases has been observed in women aged 75+ but not older men. Women of low-income status are more at risk than men. However, as most investigations aggregate those ≥18 years, there is a lack of information on older adults (≥65 years) health and nutrition status. To improve the health status of older adults, an understanding of the nutritional status of older adults is warranted, especially concerning lifestyle and sociodemographic determinants.fals

Influence of bonding level on the bending fatigue behaviour of internal replacement pipe systems

Internal replacement pipe (IRP) is a novel trenchless repair technology for rehabilitating legacy gas and oil pipelines. The current knowledge of the behaviour of IRP systems under repetitive traffic loading is limited due to insufficient research work. This study aimed to examine how the bonding level between the host pipe and IRP affects the flexural fatigue performance of IRP used for repairing legacy gas pipelines with circumferential discontinuities. The investigation was conducted using numerical four-point bending simulations under both pressurised and non-pressurised conditions. The influence of the thickness and material properties of IRP and the magnitude of traffic loads are also explored. The results of the analyses showed that the minimum fatigue life of all pressurised systems with any bonding level is primarily controlled by the tensile failure of the bottom outer surface of IRP. Based on a loading configuration of 762-1016-762 mm (30-40-30 in), it has been determined that unbonding 311.2 mm (12.3 in) diameter IRP from the host pipe to a length at least equal to the diameter of the IRP from the discontinuity edge provides the longest service life for non-pressurised repair systems. Similarly, for all pressurised systems, the longest fatigue life can be achieved by unbonding them to a length of at least twice the diameter of the IRP from the discontinuity edge

Investigation of Debonding Effect in Internal Replacement Pipe System Under Lateral Loading

The aging pipeline infrastructure around the world necessitates immediate rehabilitation. Internal replacement pipe (IRP) is a trenchless system offering a versatile and cost-effective solution across a variety of industries, including oil, natural gas, water, and wastewater. As a structural pipeline repair system, IRPs are subject to lateral deformation because of surface traffic loading. The present study evaluates the impact of adhesion between the host pipe and the IRP, with a focus on assessing the debonding effect on the behavior of the repair system under lateral deformation and bending. This was achieved using a comprehensive approach, including experimental, numerical, and analytical techniques. Varying levels of adhesive strength resulting from different methods of surface preparation were considered. The effectiveness of the IRP system on both discontinuous host pipes with various crack widths and continuous host pipes was also investigated. The results demonstrate that adhesive strength exerts a significant influence on the repair system, especially in the case of narrow circumferential cracks, while its impact on the continuous system is minimal. For optimal performance, it is essential to choose adhesives that possess sufficient shear strength while also accounting for the required debonding length. This approach ensures that minor discontinuities are effectively controlled, thereby enhancing the system′s fatigue life. The reliable determination of the maximum allowable shear strength for the adhesive or the debonding length can ensure that it does not negatively affect fatigue life. The findings presented in this study offer new insights into the development of trenchless repair techniques that can enhance system performance and extend service life

Nutrient Dense, Low-Cost Foods Can Improve the Affordability and Quality of the New Zealand Diet-A Substitution Modeling Study

Copyright: © 2021 by the authors.The high prevalence of non-communicable disease in New Zealand (NZ) is driven in part by unhealthy diet selections, with food costs contributing to an increased risk for vulnerable population groups. This study aimed to: (i) identify the nutrient density-to-cost ratio of NZ foods; (ii) model the impact of substituting foods with a lower nutrient density-to-cost ratio with those with a higher nutrient density-to-cost ratio on diet quality and affordability in representative NZ population samples for low and medium socioeconomic status (SES) households by ethnicity; and (iii) evaluate food processing level. Foods were categorized, coded for processing level and discretionary status, analyzed for nutrient density and cost, and ranked by nutrient density-to-cost ratio. The top quartile of nutrient dense, low-cost foods were 56% unprocessed (vegetables, fruit, porridge, pasta, rice, nuts/seeds), 31% ultra-processed (vegetable dishes, fortified bread, breakfast cereals unfortified <15 g sugars/100 g and fortified 15–30 g sugars/100 g), 6% processed (fruit juice), and 6% culinary processed (oils). Using substitution modeling, diet quality improved by 59% and 71% for adults and children, respectively, and affordability increased by 20–24%, depending on ethnicity and SES. The NZ diet can be made healthier and more affordable when nutritious, low-cost foods are selected. Processing levels in the healthier, modeled diet suggest that some non-discretionary ultra-processed foods may provide a valuable source of low-cost nutrition for food insecure populations

Life and living in advanced age: a cohort study in New Zealand - Te Puāwaitanga o Nga Tapuwae Kia Ora Tonu, LiLACS NZ: Study protocol

The number of people of advanced age (85&thinsp;years and older) is increasing and health systems may be challenged by increasing health-related needs. Recent overseas evidence suggests relatively high levels of wellbeing in this group, however little is known about people of advanced age, particularly the indigenous Māori, in Aotearoa, New Zealand. This paper outlines the methods of the study Life and Living in Advanced Age: A Cohort Study in New Zealand. The study aimed to establish predictors of successful advanced ageing and understand the relative importance of health, frailty, cultural, social &amp; economic factors to successful ageing for Māori and non-Māori in New Zealand

Nutrition risk: cultural aspects of assessment

Aim: To assess a nutrition risk screening tool amongst Māori and non-Māori of advanced age. Method: A cross sectional feasibility study was conducted in three North Island locations. One hundred and eight communityliving residents aged 75-85 years were assessed for nutrition risk using &apos;the validated questionnaire &apos;Seniors in the Community: Risk Evaluation for Eating and Nutrition&apos;, Version II (SCREENII) and level of physical activity using the &apos;Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly&apos; (PASE). Physical assessments included height and weight. Results: Fifty-two percent of participants were assessed to be at high nutrition risk (SCREENII score &lt;50; range 29-58; out of maximum score 64). Nutrition risk factors amongst Māori and non-Māori respectively differed for weight change in the previous six months (45.2% and 18.7%, p=0.005), skipping meals (54.8% and 13.3%, p&lt;0.001), fruit and vegetable intake (77.4% and 18.7%, p&lt;0.001) and the use of meal replacements (28.1% and 9.3%, p=0.013). Process evaluation showed that Māori took different meaning from the individual question items in SCREENII. Level of physical activity (PASE score) was higher for Māori, median (IQR): 125 (74) than non-Māori, 72 (74) (p&lt;0.001) especially for leisure-time and household related activity. BMI was higher for Māori median (IQR): 31.5 kg/m 2 (6.8) compared to non-Māori 24.7 kg/m 2 (5.4) (p&lt;0.001). Conclusions: The nutrition risk tool suggested that Māori were at high risk for malnutrition despite higher BMI and higher levels of activity. Several items of the screening tool were interpreted differently among Māori compared to non-Māori. Further development is needed to ensure accurate assessment

Institutional Data Repositories Are Vital

As funding agencies and publishers reiterate research data sharing expectations (1), many higher-education institutions have demonstrated their commitment to the long-term stewardship of research data by connecting researchers to local infrastructure, with dedicated staffing, that eases the burden of data sharing. Institutional repositories are an example of this investment (2). They provide support for researchers in sharing data that might otherwise be lost: data without a disciplinary repository, data from projects with limited funding, or data that are too large to sustainably store elsewhere. The staffing and technical infrastructure provided by institutional repositories ensures responsible access to information while considering long-term preservation and alignment with international standards (3–5). To ensure continued access to invaluable research data, it is essential that publishers and funding agencies recognize institutional repositories as responsible and reliable data sharing solutions. Institutional repositories support researchers by connecting them to the vast local networks of support that, in turn, make data more discoverable and reusable. Beyond technical solutions, many academic institutions provide front-line services to researchers, such as data curation, collaborative and reproducible workflows, and guidance in meeting funding agency and publisher mandates. Researchers highly value the support provided by institutional data curators (6). Furthermore, while institutional repositories are prepared to assist researchers in adhering to data sharing mandates for federally funded projects, institutional services for data sharing are particularly valuable for researchers with little or no grant funding. The costs of data management and sharing through institutional repositories may be associated with lower overall direct data management and sharing costs for the researcher (7). Moreover, institutional repositories are substantially more likely to persist than disciplinary repositories, suggesting that institutional repositories provide sustainable access to data that are critical for reproducible research (8). Institutionally managed infrastructure continues to be one of the best options for researchers to publish and preserve their scholarly outputs. Although not all data can or should be shared, and institutional repositories are not appropriate for all data, they remain essential infrastructure. The use of institutional repositories in turn allows institutions to view and understand the value of data sharing, which moves the needle from supporting data sharing compliance toward recognizing and celebrating data’s value as a research product and public good. Scientific institutions, including journals and government agencies, should adopt policies that recognize that institutional repositories are a suitable solution for data sharing, access, and preservation