Chapter 2 Penal reform in Imperial Germany: Conflict and compromise

The reform agenda promoted by the late-nineteenth-century penal reformers variously described as advocates of ‘positivism’, ‘social defense’ or as members of the ‘modern’ or ‘sociological’ school of criminal law threatened to erode the boundary separating criminal justice from extra-judicial forms of social control. Focusing on the German case, this essay investigates the debates between Imperial Germany’s ‘modern’ and ‘classical’ schools of criminal law over two questions that posed particularly stark challenges to the dividing line between criminal justice and extra-judicial forms of state intervention: (1) the implications of determinism for the question of legal responsibility, and (2) the implications that making ‘dangerousness’ the key criterion for punishment had for the nature of criminal justice and the relationship of judicial and extra-judicial measures of intervention. After analyzing these debates, the essay examines the rapprochement between the modern and classical schools of criminal law around 1900, the emergence of compromise proposals at the biennial congresses (Juristentage) of German-speaking jurists from 1900 to 1906, and the draft codes produced by Imperial Germany’s official penal reform commissions from 1906 until 1914. The essay advances two central arguments. First, the classical school’s endorsement of the dual-track system for recidivists and post-prison detention in an asylum for mentally abnormal offenders demonstrates that the classical school had, in fact, accepted the modern school’s claim that mentally ‘habitual criminals’ as well as ‘mentally abnormal’ offenders posed serious threats to the social order that were not being sufficiently addressed by the existing legal system. Second, the conflict between the modern and classical schools was not about the question of whether measures based on an offender’s ‘dangerousness’ (rather than the offense committed) were warranted; the majority of the classical school agreed that such measures, including indefinite detention, were warranted. Instead, the conflict concerned the different, narrower question of whether such measures should be imposed as part of the criminal justice system or whether they should be imposed outside this system, as extra-judicial measures, that is, in the form of administrative, police, welfare or medical measures. Therefore, the debate between the two schools was mostly a debate over what form social defense measures should take. Whereas the modern school called for a broader vision of criminal justice in the service of protecting society against dangerous individuals, the classical school sought to keep criminal justice narrowly focused on offense-based retributive justice and therefore insisted that social-defense measures based on dangerousness be farmed out to non-judicial state agencies

Modification of culture medium and identification of microbial contaminants for improved in vitro propagation of freshwater mussels

In vitro propagation efforts play an essential role in conserving and restoring threatened freshwater mussel populations by circumventing the need for a fish host. Across a broad range of taxa, transformation is induced with an artificial M199 medium and rabbit serum. However, such formulation may not be sufficient in culturing critical species with more specific physiological requirements. In this study, multiple serum mixtures were tested to improve in vitro transformation of two freshwater mussel species: yellow lampmussel (Lampsilis cariosa) and tidewater mucket (Atlantaconcha ochracea). These species were selected because they parasitize similar fish host species but have different rates of transformation in previous propagation trials. Juvenile transformation on rabbit serum only treatments was tested against juvenile transformation from treatments using rabbit serum supplemented with fish extract, blue catfish (Ictalurus furcatus) serum, or grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) serum. L. cariosa showed an aptitude for a wide variety of serum types except for blue catfish, which showed signs of toxicity during early glochidia development. A. ochracea increased in transformation when cultured in full or partial carp serum compared to treatments utilizing only rabbit serum or rabbit serum with gill extract. Given the availability of local grass carp and the ability to mix with rabbit serum, it may be a preferred sera alternative for species like A. ochracea which exhibit poor transformation with serum. In vitro propagation allows for transformation of freshwater mussel juveniles without a fish host using modified cell culture techniques. However, microbial contamination can greatly decrease the likelihood of successful transformation. A broad-spectrum antimicrobial mixture of rifampicin, carbenicillin, gentamycin, and amphotericin b (RCGA) is used to curb the proliferation of microbes, but this may not be suitable for all types of contamination. Additionally, some antimicrobial compounds such as amphotericin b can negatively impact juvenile transformation at higher concentrations. In this study, an alternative antimicrobial mixture, Primocin™ (InvivoGen, San Diego, California, Cat. #ant-pm-2), was considered for in vitro propagation of Elliptio complanata. Primocin™ was assessed against the original RCGA mixture to determine its efficacy and test for toxicity to transforming juveniles. Antimycotic components were also tested at lower concentrations to determine if microbial contamination can still be controlled without impact on glochidia development. Contaminated replicates underwent DNA extraction and analysis to identify bacterial and fungal pathogens. While Primocin™ successfully curbed microbial proliferation, Elliptio complanata transformers showed no signs of tissue development. In RCGA treatments, there was no significant difference between replicates with or without amphotericin b. Results of DNA analysis identified unique contamination for each replicate without antimicrobials. Contamination could be attributed to known pathogens that were ubiquitous across a range of environments or common in shellfish and aquaculture production

Chapter 2 Penal reform in Imperial Germany: Conflict and compromise

The reform agenda promoted by the late-nineteenth-century penal reformers variously described as advocates of ‘positivism’, ‘social defense’ or as members of the ‘modern’ or ‘sociological’ school of criminal law threatened to erode the boundary separating criminal justice from extra-judicial forms of social control. Focusing on the German case, this essay investigates the debates between Imperial Germany’s ‘modern’ and ‘classical’ schools of criminal law over two questions that posed particularly stark challenges to the dividing line between criminal justice and extra-judicial forms of state intervention: (1) the implications of determinism for the question of legal responsibility, and (2) the implications that making ‘dangerousness’ the key criterion for punishment had for the nature of criminal justice and the relationship of judicial and extra-judicial measures of intervention. After analyzing these debates, the essay examines the rapprochement between the modern and classical schools of criminal law around 1900, the emergence of compromise proposals at the biennial congresses (Juristentage) of German-speaking jurists from 1900 to 1906, and the draft codes produced by Imperial Germany’s official penal reform commissions from 1906 until 1914. The essay advances two central arguments. First, the classical school’s endorsement of the dual-track system for recidivists and post-prison detention in an asylum for mentally abnormal offenders demonstrates that the classical school had, in fact, accepted the modern school’s claim that mentally ‘habitual criminals’ as well as ‘mentally abnormal’ offenders posed serious threats to the social order that were not being sufficiently addressed by the existing legal system. Second, the conflict between the modern and classical schools was not about the question of whether measures based on an offender’s ‘dangerousness’ (rather than the offense committed) were warranted; the majority of the classical school agreed that such measures, including indefinite detention, were warranted. Instead, the conflict concerned the different, narrower question of whether such measures should be imposed as part of the criminal justice system or whether they should be imposed outside this system, as extra-judicial measures, that is, in the form of administrative, police, welfare or medical measures. Therefore, the debate between the two schools was mostly a debate over what form social defense measures should take. Whereas the modern school called for a broader vision of criminal justice in the service of protecting society against dangerous individuals, the classical school sought to keep criminal justice narrowly focused on offense-based retributive justice and therefore insisted that social-defense measures based on dangerousness be farmed out to non-judicial state agencies

Aplicación de drone Phantom 4 RTK para el levantamiento topográfico y desarrollo de la Habilitación Urbana de Oficio de la Urbanización El Rosal II en el distrito de San Martin de Porres, Lima 2021

El presente trabajo de suficiencia profesional consiste en describir el proceso de levantamiento topográfico con drone Phantom 4 RTK y desarrollo de la Habilitación Urbana de Oficio de la Urbanización El Rosal II en la Sub Gerencia de Licencias, Habilitaciones y Planeamiento Urbano en el distrito de San Martin de Porres. El problema de la expansión territorial en la ciudad de Lima, específicamente en el distrito de San Martin de Porres se debe a la elevada densidad de la población el cual aumenta anualmente. En ese sentido, el objetivo es desarrollar el saneamiento físico legal de un conjunto de predios calificados como rústicos ubicados en zonas urbanas consolidadas. El desarrollo del proceso de Habilitación Urbana de Oficio se realizó mediante un análisis de cumplimiento de los requisitos establecidos según la norma vigente dadas por el Ministerio de Vivienda, Construcción y Saneamiento. Posteriormente se procedió a realizar el levantamiento topográfico con drone y desarrollo de la H.U.O. el cual consta de la elaboración de los planos, memorias descriptivas e informe técnico correspondiente. Finalmente, con el expediente ya elaborado se procede a la revisión correspondiente por el área legal de la Gerencia de Desarrollo Urbano y así tener la aprobación correspondiente

New Directions in the History of Criminology

In the almost twenty years since Peter Becker and I convened a conference on the history of criminology, the field has witnessed a remarkable wave of new scholarship. This essay draws on the wealth of new research to reflect on some of the challenges facing historians of criminology: how to write a history of criminology that addresses the heterogeneity of expert discourses and embeds them within the larger context of discourses on crime in civil society; whether it is possible to develop a t..

Hierarchical Linear Modeling of Drinking to Cope with Anxiety among College Students

Previous research has assumed that drinking motives (reasons for drinking) remain fairly stable over time (traits). The current study examines how drinking motives of college students may vary over time (states). Weekly measures were completed by 125 undergraduates at Old Dominion University, which examined how average levels of anxiety interacted with anxiety coping motives to influence drinking. Using Hierarchical Linear Modeling, it was found that anxiety coping motives were less predictive for participants with elevated average anxiety levels, as opposed to participants with normal to low anxiety levels. Implications and possible explanations are discussed. Research Mentor: Dr. James Henson, Department of Psycholog

Velocity dispersions of clusters in the Dark Energy Survey Y3 redMaPPer catalogue

Artículo escrito por un elevado número de autores, solo se referencian el que aparece en primer lugar, los autores pertenecientes a la UAM y el nombre del grupo de colaboración, si lo hubiereThis is a pre-copyedited, author-produced PDF of an article accepted for publication in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society following peer review. The version of record Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 514.4 (2022): 4696-4717 is available online at: https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article-abstract/514/4/4696/6615472We measure the velocity dispersions of clusters of galaxies selected by the redMaPPer algorithm in the first three years of data from the Dark Energy Survey (DES), allowing us to probe cluster selection and richness estimation, , in light of cluster dynamics. Our sample consists of 126 clusters with sufficient spectroscopy for individual velocity dispersion estimates. We examine the correlations between cluster velocity dispersion, richness, X-ray temperature and luminosity as well as central galaxy velocity offsets. The velocity dispersion-richness relation exhibits a bimodal distribution. The majority of clusters follow scaling relations between velocity dispersion, richness, and X-ray properties similar to those found for previous samples; however, there is a significant population of clusters with velocity dispersions which are high for their richness. These clusters account for roughly 22% of the 0.5. A couple of these systems are hot and X-ray bright as expected for massive clusters with richnesses that appear to have been underestimated, but most appear to have high velocity dispersions for their X-ray properties likely due to line-of-sight structure. These results suggest that projection effects contribute significantly to redMaPPer selection, particularly at higher redshifts and lower richnesses. The redMaPPer determined richnesses for the velocity dispersion outliers are consistent with their X-ray properties, but several are X-ray undetected and deeper data is needed to understand their natur

Insights on the Neyman - Pearson Lemma: Alternative critical regions, and their power.

The Neyman-Pearson Lemma is a powerful fundamental lemma in the area of hypothesis testing in Statistics. It gives the best test when testing simple vs. simple hypotheses. In this talk we would like to investigate testing a population mean H0 μ = μ0 vs. H1 μ = μ1 \u3e μ0. As a result of the N-P Lemma, the best test is of the form, “Reject H0 if x\u3ec” , where c is chosen so that the Type I error probability is a. Let n be small. What are some alternative decision rules of size a, what is their power in comparison to the best test? The talk should be of interest to a person who has had a first course in Probability and Statistics

Clima motivacional en la clase en estudiantes de sexto grado de primaria del Callao

La investigación se organiza en cuatro capítulos. En el primer capítulo se revisan las principales teorías de la motivación que servirán de soporte para entender el clima motivacional en la clase, la definición del clima motivacional en la clase, sus factores y el planteamiento del problema del estudio. En el segundo capítulo se señala la metodología de la investigación, considerando el tipo de muestreo, los participantes y el instrumento utilizado. En el tercer capítulo se exponen los resultados de la investigación con sus respectivas tablas y figuras. En el cuarto capítulo la discusión de los resultados, así como las conclusiones y recomendaciones. Por último, las referencias bibliográficas y los anexos.Tesi

Diseño de un análisis multicriterio para estimar el potencial ecoturístico de la reserva paisajística subcuenca del Cotahuasi, Arequipa, Perú

Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Escuela de Posgrado. Maestría en EcoturismoEl objetivo de la presente investigación fue diseñar una metodología de análisis con un enfoque multicriterio, para estimar el potencial ecoturístico de un área natural protegida de los andes peruanos de manera analítica, cuantitativa y cualitativa, desde una perspectiva integradora, que considera en su estructura los conceptos de manejo y valoración ambiental con enfoque Eco sistémico, jerarquización turística, manejo adaptativo y sistemas complejos. Se definieron 13 Criterios de evaluación, con sus respectivos indicadores de estado, los cuales son: c1, Criterio de Conservación; c2, Criterio Eco sistémico; c3, Criterio de Condiciones Biofísicas; c4, Criterio Cultural, Histórica y valores Tradicionales; c5, Criterio de Servicios Ecoturísticos; c.6 Criterio Reconocimientos; c7, Criterio de Educación e Interpretación Ambiental; c8, Criterio de Planificación y Monitoreo Ambiental participativo; c9, Criterio de Mercado y Demanda Potencial; c10, Criterio de Publicaciones, c11, Criterio de Inclusión en Circuitos Ecoturísticos; c12, Criterio de Flujo de Visitantes; c13, Criterio Socio ambiental. También se establecieron cinco niveles de Jerarquía para el potencial ecoturístico: Potencial Ecoturístico Bajo (P.E.B), Medio o Regular (P.E.R), Bueno (P.E.B), Alto (P.E.A) y Muy Alto o Excepcional (P.E.M.A). Ésta nueva metodología fue aplicada a la Reserva Paisajística Subcuenca del Cotahuasi para estimar su potencial ecoturístico. Así los puntajes obtenidos por el área RPSCC, para cada criterio fueron: criterio C.1: 3.5 de puntaje (P.E.B); criterio C.2: 1.4 de puntaje (P.E.R); criterio C.3: 2.8 de puntaje (P.E.B); criterio C.4: 2.9 de puntaje (P.E.B); criterio C.5: 1.6 de puntaje (P.E.R.); criterio C.6: 4.3 de puntaje (P.E.M.A); criterio C.7: 3.2 de puntaje (P.E.A); criterio C.8: 2.8 de puntaje (P.E.B); criterio C.9: 2.2 de puntaje (P.E.B); criterio C.10: 4.3 de puntaje (P.E.M.A); criterio C.11: 3.2 de puntaje (P.E.A); criterio C.12: 2.7 de puntaje (P.E.B); criterio C.13: 2.1 de puntaje (P.E.B). Integrando los 13 resultados parciales obtenidos, se determinó que el potencial ecoturístico global de la RPSCC es Bueno.The objective of the present investigation was to design a methodology of analysis with a multicriterio approach, to estimate the ecotourism potential of a protected natural area of the Peruvian Andes in an analytical, quantitative and qualitative way, from an integrating perspective, that considers in its structure the Concepts of management and environmental valuation with ecosystem approach, tourist hierarchy, adaptive management and complex systems. 13 Evaluation Criteria were defined, with their respective status indicators, which are: c1, Conservation Criteria; C2, Ecosystemic Criteria; C3, Criteria of Biophysical Conditions; C4, Cultural, Historical and Traditional values Criteria; C5, Ecotourism Services Criteria; C.6 Acknowledgments Criteria; C7, Criterion of Education and Environmental Interpretation; C8, Participatory Environmental Planning and Monitoring Criteria; C9, Criterion of Market and Potential Demand; C10, Criterion of Publications, c11, Criterion of Inclusion in Ecotourism Circuits; C12, Visitor Flow Criteria; C13, Socioenvironmental Criteria. We also established five Hierarchy levels for the ecotourism potential: Ecotourism Potential Low (P.E.B), Medium or Regular (P.E.R), Good (P.E.B), High (P.E.A) and Very High or Exceptional (P.E.M.A). This new methodology was applied to the Subcuenca del Cotahuasi Landscape Reserve to estimate its ecotourism potential. Thus the scores obtained by the RPSCC area, for each criterion were: criterion C.1: 3.5 of score (P.E.B); criterion C.2: 1.4 score (P.E.R); criterion C.3: 2.8 score (P.E.B); criterion C.4: 2.9 score (P.E.B); criterion C.5: 1.6 score (P.E.R.); criterion C.6: 4.3 score (P.E.M.A); criterion C.7: 3.2 score (P.E.A); criterion C.8: 2.8 score (P.E.B); criterion C.9: 2.2 score (P.E.B); criterion C.10: 4.3 score (P.E.M.A); criterion C.11: 3.2 score (P.E.A); criterion C.12: 2.7 score (P.E.B); criterion C.13: 2.1 score (P.E.B). Integrating the 13 partial results obtained, it was determined that the global ecotourism potential of the RPSCC is Good.Tesi