PREDICTIVE GEOSPATIAL MODELING FOR ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION: CASE STUDIES FROM THE GALISTEO BASIN, VERMONT AND CHACO CANYON

Geospatial modeling of ancient landscapes for predictive scientific research and hypothesis testing is an important emerging approach in contemporary archaeology. This doctoral dissertation is comprised of three published North American case studies that clearly demonstrate the value of predictive geospatial modeling to address explicit goals of contemporary archaeological research, conservation and cultural resource management. The case studies consist of a GIS-based prioritization analysis of natural and cultural resources conservation value in the Galisteo Basin of north-central New Mexico, an archaeological sensitivity analysis (site-discovery potential) for the state of Vermont, and a predictive model of agricultural potential during the Bonito Phase (ca. AD 850 to 1150) in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. These studies contribute to the growing reliance on quantitative geospatial modeling in the social sciences

Akurasi penerapan kaidah fikih dalam penetapan Pengadilan Agama Lamongan nomor 0078/Pdt.P/2010/PA.Lmg. tentang Wali ‘Adal

Skripsi ini adalah basil penelitian kepust akaan untuk menjawab pertanyaan: bagaimana penerapan kaidah fikih "Pemerintah mengurusi rakyatnya sesuai dengan kemaslahatan" dalam penetapan Pengadilan Agama Lamongan Nomor 0078/Pdt.P/201 O/PA.Lmg. tentang wali 'adal dan bagaimana analisis akurasi penerapan kaidah fikih dalam penetapan tersebut? Data penelitian dihimpun melalui dokumentasi dan interview dan selanjutnya dianalisis dengan teknik deskriptif-analitis. Peneliti mendeskripsikan penerapan kaidah fikih yang diterapkan dalam kasus permohonan wali 'adal di Pengadilan Agama Lamongan dalam penetapan Nomor 0078/Pdt.P/2010/PA.Lmg kemudian menganalisis akurasi penerapan kaidah fikih dalam penetapan tersebut. Dalam penelitian ini peneliti menemukan kejanggalan pada penerapan kaidah fikih dalam penetapan tersebut. Pertama, kaidah tersebut terlalu umum. Kedua, cabang penerapan kaidah tersebut bertentangan dengan undang-undang yang menjadi dasar hakim memut uskan perkara. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan: Pertama, penerapan kaidah tersebut adalah untuk melengkapi dasar hukum Penetapan Pengadilan Agama Lamongan Nomor 0078/Pdt.P/2010/PA.Lmg., namun uraian kaidah tersebut bertentangan dengan Pasal 18 Ayat (4) dan (5) Perat uran Menteri Agama RI Nomor 11 tahun 2007, Pasal 23 Ayat (2) Kompilasi Hukum Islam, dan Pasal 1, Pasal 6 Ayat (1), dan Pasal 40 Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974; Kedua, penerapan kaidah tersebut tidak akurat karena perbedaan konsep maslahat dan kata'ah, dan pergeseran kekuatan hukum wali nasab (wali khusus) yang menjadi begiu lemah dibandingkan hakim (wali umum) dalam ranah hukum di Indonesia. Sejalan dengan kesimpulan di atas, maka penulis menyarankan: Pertama, majelis hakim harus lebih teliti dalam mencant umkan dasar hukum dan mengambil alih pendapat pakar hukum dalam setiap put usan dan penetapan; Kedua, Badab Peradilan Agama perlu merumuskan kaidah-kaidah fikih/kaidah-kaidah hukum baru, unt uk menetapkan/memutuskan perkara yang konsep dasarnya belum dibahas dalam kaidah-kaidah fikih yang telah ada

Intentional creation of carbon-rich dark earth soils in the Amazon

Fertile soil known as Amazonian dark earth is central to the debate over the size and ecological impact of ancient human populations in the Amazon. Dark earth is typically associated with human occupation, but it is uncertain whether it was created intentionally. Dark earth may also be a substantial carbon sink, but its spatial extent and carbon inventory are unknown. We demonstrate spatial and compositional similarities between ancient and modern dark earth and document modern Indigenous practices that enrich soil, which we use to propose a model for the formation of ancient dark earth. This comparison suggests that ancient Amazonians managed soil to improve fertility and increase crop productivity. These practices also sequestered and stored carbon in the soil for centuries, and we show that some ancient sites contain as much carbon as the above-ground rainforest biomass. Our results demonstrate the intentional creation of dark earth and highlight the value of Indigenous knowledge for sustainable rainforest management

Strontium Isotopes and the Reconstruction of the Chaco Regional System: Evaluating Uncertainty with Bayesian Mixing Models

<div><p>Strontium isotope sourcing has become a common and useful method for assigning sources to archaeological artifacts. In Chaco Canyon, an Ancestral Pueblo regional center in New Mexico, previous studies using these methods have suggested that significant portion of maize and wood originate in the Chuska Mountains region, 75 km to the East. In the present manuscript, these results were tested using both frequentist methods (to determine if geochemical sources can truly be differentiated) and Bayesian methods (to address uncertainty in geochemical source attribution). It was found that Chaco Canyon and the Chuska Mountain region are not easily distinguishable based on radiogenic strontium isotope values. The strontium profiles of many geochemical sources in the region overlap, making it difficult to definitively identify any one particular geochemical source for the canyon's pre-historic maize. Bayesian mixing models support the argument that some spruce and fir wood originated in the San Mateo Mountains, but that this cannot explain all ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values in Chaco timber. Overall radiogenic strontium isotope data do not clearly identify a single major geochemical source for maize, ponderosa, and most spruce/fir timber. As such, the degree to which Chaco Canyon relied upon outside support for both food and construction material is still ambiguous.</p></div

Kernel density distributions of historical, pre-1140 A.D., and post-1140 A.D. maize in Chaco Canyon (a) and soil and water ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr sources (b).

<p>The dotted line represents the strontium isotope ratio for a single ponderosa tree stump found in the West Court of Pueblo Bonito (JPB-99). Maize from both time periods overlaps with strontium isotope ratios from the Chaco watershed, though maize dating after 1140 A.D. has more cobs with higher values than found within the canyon and in the selected source data set.</p

Chaco Canyon Great Houses, local tributaries and strontium sample locations associated with maize sourcing studies [9].

<p>Chaco Canyon Great Houses, local tributaries and strontium sample locations associated with maize sourcing studies <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0095580#pone.0095580-Benson4" target="_blank">[9]</a>.</p

Map of mean posterior probabilities for source contribution in the San Juan Basin for pre-1140 A.D. maize (a), post-1140 A.D. maize (b), and historic maize (c).

<p>Map of mean posterior probabilities for source contribution in the San Juan Basin for pre-1140 A.D. maize (a), post-1140 A.D. maize (b), and historic maize (c).</p

Map of mean posterior probabilities for source contribution in the San Juan Basin for fir (a), spruce (b), and ponderosa (c).

<p>Map of mean posterior probabilities for source contribution in the San Juan Basin for fir (a), spruce (b), and ponderosa (c).</p

Ternary and proportion plots illustrating source mean posterior probabilities generated from Markov-Chain Monte Carlo simulations of strontium isotope data.

<p>There is no clear pattern for pre-1140 A.D. (a), post-1140 A.D. (b), and historic maize (c), indicating that no source attribution is more likely than others based on this model. Mean posterior probability proportions of geochemical source contributions for pre-1140 maize (d), post-1140 maize (e), and historic maize (f) are also displayed.</p

Comparison of medians across multiple potential timber sources.

<p>Significance codes: 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’.</p><p>Items in bold indicate that no significant difference between medians was found, potentially indicating that these sources cannot be quantitatively distinguished by strontium alone.</p