The Australian party.

The first, vague rumour heralding the Australian Party occurred as far back as August 1929, when it was whispered that the A.W.U. and W.M. Hughes were in an alliance to unseat the government

How to perform Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS)

"How to perform contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS)" provides general advice on the use of ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) for clinical decision-making and reviews technical parameters for optimal CEUS performance. CEUS techniques vary between centers, therefore, experts from EFSUMB, WFUMB and from the CEUS LI-RADS working group created a discussion forum to standardize the CEUS examination technique according to published evidence and best personal experience. The goal is to standardise the use and administration of UCAs to facilitate correct diagnoses and ultimately to improve the management and outcomes of patients

A THOUSAND THOUSAND CAMPFIRES: Policy change and Aboriginal broadcasting in Australia 1967-1990

Between 1967 and 1990 Ministers directed a succession of Commonwealth interdepartmental Committees (IDCs) to make recommendations for an Aboriginal broadcasting policy. Part A: Context establishes historical context and nominates the starting point for development of an Aboriginal broadcasting policy. I suggest that since the activities of IDCs are confidential, the bulk of the policy cycle is effectively hidden from public view. Reviewing the literature on major policy change, I suggest that work based upon Thomas Kuhn’s seminal notion of paradigms provides an heuristic basis for analysing developments in the area. In particular, subsequent speculation by Peter Hall about policy paradigms, by Baumgartner and Jones on punctuated equilibrium (PE) theory and the multiple streams approach developed by Kingdon, Mintrom and others, provide a strong theoretical basis for analysis. Part B: Case Studies provides a detailed historical account of what actually happened on the Other side of the Moon — inside the black boxes that are the venues for policy work in the Australian Public Service (APS). It records that in our Westminster-based system the official experts of the Australian Public Service (APS) normally wield substantial influence. However, in this area they experienced significant policy failure. Cultural myopia — an inability to see that Aboriginal cultures worked differently and that Aboriginal peoples had to be consulted — was the root cause of failure, fatally undermining successive attempts to devise a policy. The First Working Party (1976-1979) objected to ministerial directions not to consult and concluded that the parameters set by Ministers were faulty. When it provided contrary advice its recommendations were ignored. By 1980 the Second Working Party (1980-1981) was facing an Australian Broadcasting Commission determined to run its own race, pressure from a number of Aboriginal communities now seeking to establish community controlled public broadcasting (including television) and Ministers who still wanted neither. Its attempt to straddle all schools of thought resulted in a confusing interim report that was again ignored. The Third Working Party (1982) was a futile rump formed after Ministers had refused to act and soon disappeared into oblivion. In 1984 a resurgent Labor Government reiterated its support for selfdetermination and invited strong Aboriginal participation in a Task Force on Aboriginal and Islander Broadcasting and Communications (TFAIBC). The TFAIBC provided a comprehensive description of developments to that point and nominated a series of policy options. Its recommendations were fully adopted. Nevertheless, its report (¿2/// o f the Si/ent Land) was flawed. The TFAIBC consulted widely and attempted to support almost any suggestion but it also avoided prioritisation, cost estimates and recommendations regarding migratory paths. Significantly, it then left implementation in the hands of settler bureaucrats in the Department of Aboriginal Affairs, whose notion of consultation with Aboriginal broadcasters and communities proved to be quite manipulative. Some valuable developments, such as the Broadcasting for Remote Aboriginal Communities Scheme (BRACS), resulted from Out o f the St/ent Land. Yet the flaws in its recommendations did little to dispel conceptual confusion and eventually led to significant under funding, particularly in supporting Aboriginal communities for operations and maintenance as well as training.Part C: Conclusions analyses the case studies. In each succeeding case there is a consistent theme — the difficulties experienced by settler policymakers in coming to terms with Aboriginal community control. The two interlocking and overlapping policy paradigms: statutory regulation (broadcasting) and assimi/ation (Aboriginal affairs) were both under strong pressure. In the case of broadcasting there was rapid and major policy change. The prevailing paradigm was swiftly replaced by diversity of c/ioice. Yet in Aboriginal affairs the prevailing paradigm proved highly resistant and the proffered alternative — seif-determination — was consistently rejected in favour of re-badged versions of assimilation. I call this very different path ‘the boomerang trajectory’. Most case studies cover situations in which paradigm change has already occurred and consequently provide only limited insights into causation. Noting that experienced practitioners seek to calculate resistance to change utilising a rough calculus based upon the notion of policy inertia, I suggest that in order to make the PE framework more effective it is necessary more consciously to focus upon this concept. Finally I suggest that a better understanding of causation depends upon deployment of Multiple Streams theory with its related notion of policy entrepreneurs

How to perform Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS).

"How to perform contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS)" provides general advice on the use of ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) for clinical decision-making and reviews technical parameters for optimal CEUS performance. CEUS techniques vary between centers, therefore, experts from EFSUMB, WFUMB and from the CEUS LI-RADS working group created a discussion forum to standardize the CEUS examination technique according to published evidence and best personal experience. The goal is to standardise the use and administration of UCAs to facilitate correct diagnoses and ultimately to improve the management and outcomes of patients