Resource Management in Diffserv On DemAnd (RODA) PHR

The purpose of this draft is to present the Resource Management in Diffserv (RMD) On DemAnd (RODA) Per Hop Reservation (PHR) protocol. The RODA PHR protocol is used on a per-hop basis in a Differentiated Services (Diffserv) domain and extends the Diffserv Per Hop Behavior (PHB) with resource provisioning and control

An assessment of lessons learned in the communication and dissemination of emerging scientific issues to environmental policymakers. Part 1: Comprehensive Report

The relationship between science and policy is often seen as difficult. Yet from climate change to food security, many of the biggest challenges facing the world today rely upon effective policy making, based upon the best science and evidence. We need to make sure that we have established the right level of communication and relationship between these two groups. This research project sets out to look at that communication process: to examine closely the communications involved in real-life science-to-policy case studies and to identify the lessons from the past that can help us deal with scientific issues that are emerging now and those that will emerge in the future

Resource Management in Diffserv (RMD) Framework

This draft presents the work on the framework for the Resource Management in Diffserv (RMD) designed for edge-to-edge resource reservation in a Differentiated Services (Diffserv) domain. The RMD extends the Diffserv architecture with new resource reservation concepts and features. Moreover, this framework enhances the Load Control protocol described in [WeTu00].\ud \ud The RMD framework defines two architectural concepts:\ud - the Per Hop Reservation (PHR)\ud - the Per Domain Reservation (PDR)\ud \ud The PHR protocol is used within a Diffserv domain on a per-hop basis to augment the Diffserv Per Hop Behavior (PHB) with resource reservation. It is implemented in all nodes in a Diffserv domain. On the other hand, the PDR protocol manages the resource reservation per Diffserv domain, relying on the PHR resource reservation status in all nodes. The PDR is only implemented at the boundary of the domain (at the edge nodes).\ud \ud The RMD framework presented in this draft describes the new reservation concepts and features. Furthermore it describes the:\ud - relationship between the PHR and PHB\ud - interaction between the PDR and PHR\ud - interoperability between the PDR and external resource reservation schemes\ud \ud This framework is an open framework in the sense that it provides the basis for interoperability with other resource reservation schemes and can be applied in different types of networks as long as they are Diffserv domains. It aims at extreme simplicity and low cost of implementation along with good scaling properties

Maternal body mass index, change in weight status from childhood to late adulthood and physical activity in older age

This study aimed to examine the longitudinal associations of maternal body mass index (BMI), weight status in childhood and late adulthood and device-measured total physical activity (TPA) in older age. The study involves 552 participants from Helsinki Birth Cohort Study who were born in Helsinki, Finland, in 1934-1944. TPA was measured with a multisensory body monitor at a mean age of 70 years and expressed in metabolic equivalent of task hours/day (METh/d). Childhood overweight (BMI > 85th percentile) was based on school health records at 6-7 years of age, and late adulthood overweight (BMI >= 25 kg/m(2)) was based on clinical measurements at the mean age of 61 years. Childhood overweight was associated with lower TPA, particularly in older women (mean difference -3.2 METh/d, 95% confidence interval (CI) -4.6 - -1.9), and late adulthood overweight was associated with lower TPA both in older women (mean difference -6.2, 95% CI (-7.2 - -5.1) and in older men (mean difference -2.6 METh/d, 95% CI -3.7 - -1.5). TPA in older age was highest in participants who were normal weight both in childhood and adulthood and lowest in participants who were overweight in childhood and adulthood. In participants with childhood overweight, TPA was lower in participants who were overweight both in childhood and adulthood compared to those who were overweight only in childhood. There was a U-shaped distribution of TPA according to maternal BMI in older women (P = .002), but not in older men. In conclusion, reaching normal weight after childhood predicted higher physical activity levels in older age.Peer reviewe

The impact of maternal weight in pregnancy on glucose metabolism in non-diabetic offspring in late adulthood

Aims: We aimed to examine the association between maternal adiposity and glucose metabolism in adult offspring without diabetes, simultaneous taking offspring own adiposity into account. Methods: This longitudinal birth cohort study (Helsinki Birth Cohort Study) included 1,440 non-diabetic subjects examined at a mean age of 62 years. Subjects were divided into quartiles according to maternal body mass index (BMI). The impact of maternal BMI on offspring body composition was also studied. Results: There were no differences in fasting glucose between the groups. In men, maternal BMI was inversely associated with mean 2-hour glucose concentration after a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (p <0.001) and mean homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (p = 0.049). According to the subjects' own BMI, high maternal BMI was associated with lower 2-hour glucose concentrations only in non-obese men and with lower HOMA-IR only in obese men. Maternal BMI was not associated with glucose concentrations nor with HOMA-IR in women. In addition, maternal BMI was positively associated with a higher offspring lean body mass in men. Conclusions: High maternal BMI was associated with lower 2-hour plasma glucose concentration, especially in non-obese men. Offspring lean body mass may be a mediating factor for the association. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Peer reviewe

Resource management in Diffserv measurement-based admission control PHR

The purpose of this draft is to present the Resource Management in Diffserv (RMD) Measurement-Based Admission Control (RIMA) Per Hop Reservation (PHR) protocol. The RIMA PHR protocol is used on a per-hop basis in a Differentiated Services (Diffserv) domain and extends the Diffserv Per Hop Behavior (PHB) with Measurement-based Admission Control features

Consumption of freshwater fish: A variable but significant risk factor for PFOS exposure

PFOS, PFOA, PFNA and PFHxS are the PFAS substances that currently contribute most to human exposure, and in 2020 the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) presented a draft opinion on a tolerable intake of 8 ng/kg/week for the sum of these four substances (equaling 0.42 mu g/kg if expressed as an annual dose). Diet is usually the dominating exposure pathway, and in particular the intake of PFOS has been shown to be strongly related to the consumption of fish and seafood. Those who eat freshwater fish may be especially at risk since freshwater and its biota typically display higher PFOS concentrations than marine systems. In this study, we estimated the range in PFOS intake among average Swedish "normal" and "high" consumers of freshwater fish. By average we mean persons of average weight who eat average-sized portions. The "normal consumers" were assumed to eat freshwater fish 3 times per year, and the "high consumers" once a week. Under these assumptions, the yearly tolerable intake for "normal" and "high" consumers is reached when the PFOS concentrations in fish equals 59 and 3.4 mu g per kg fish meat. For this study, PFOS concentrations in the muscle tissue of edible-sized perch, pike and pikeperch were retrieved from three different Swedish datasets, covering both rural and urban regions and a total of 78 different inland waters. Mean PFOS concentrations in fish from these sites varied from 0.3 to 750 mu g/kg. From the available data, the annual min-max dietary PFOS intake for male "normal consumers" was found to be in the range 0.0021-5.4 mu g/kg/yr for the evaluated scenarios, with median values of 0.02-0.16 mu g/kg/yr. For male "high consumers", the total intake range was estimated to be 0.04-93 mu g/kg/yr, with median values being 0.27-1.6 mu g/kg/yr. For women, the exposure estimates were slightly lower, about 79% of the exposure in men. Despite highly variable PFOS concentrations in fish from different sites, we conclude that the three most commonly consumed freshwater species in Sweden constitute an important source for the total annual intake even for people who eat this kind of fish only a few times per year. The analyses of PFOA, PFNA and PFHxS showed values which were all below detection limit, and their contribution to the total PFAS intake via freshwater fish consumption is negligible in comparison to PFOS

Effects of MAOA genotype and childhood experiences of physical and emotional abuse on aggressive behavior in adulthood

A functional polymorphism in the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene located on the X chromosome (Xp11.23-11.4) has earned the nickname &ldquo;warrior gene&rdquo; because of its association with antisocial behavior and delinquency. Previous findings on adults and adolescents have found some evidence that the&nbsp;MAOA&nbsp;gene moderates the impact of childhood abuse experiences on the risk of developing aggressive behavior. Thus far, however, attempts to replicate these findings have been mixed. The aims of the present study were to investigate whether the&nbsp;MAOA&nbsp;polymorphism affects aggressive behavior alone and in combination with childhood abuse experiences. We tried to replicate this using a sample of 1447 male and 2179 female Finnish twins and their siblings. In the present study, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and Aggression Questionnaire were used. There was a positive correlation between childhood abuse experiences and later aggressive behavior in adolescence or adulthood both for men and women. The results showed the effects of the 4-repeat allele of&nbsp;MAOA&nbsp;promoter polymorphism on physical aggressive behavior for women. It seems that there is an interaction between the 3-repeat allele of&nbsp;MAOA&nbsp;promoter polymorphism and emotional abuse experiences on aggressive behavior for women. In conclusions, this study, using a large population-based sample, found partial support for an interaction between&nbsp;MAOA&nbsp;genotype and childhood abuse experiences on aggressive behavior.</p

Pre-Congestion Notification marking

Pre-Congestion Notification (PCN) builds on the concepts of RFC 3168, "The addition of Explicit Congestion Notification to IP". However, Pre-Congestion Notification aims at providing notification before any congestion actually occurs. Pre-Congestion Notification is applied to \ud real-time flows (such as voice, video and multimedia streaming) in DiffServ networks. As described in [CL-DEPLOY], it enables "pre" congestion control through two procedures, flow admission control and flow pre-emption. The draft proposes algorithms that determine when a \ud PCN-enabled router writes Admission Marking and Pre-emption Marking in a packet header, depending on the traffic level. The draft also proposes how to encode these markings. We present simulation results with PCN working in an edge-to-edge scenario using the marking algorithms described. Other marking algorithms will be investigated in the future. \u