710 research outputs found
Current driven magnetization dynamics in helical spin density waves
A mechanism is proposed for manipulating the magnetic state of a helical spin
density wave using a current. In this paper, we show that a current through a
bulk system with a helical spin density wave induces a spin transfer torque,
giving rise to a rotation of the order parameter.The use of spin transfer
torque to manipulate the magnetization in bulk systems does not suffer from the
obstacles seen for magnetization reversal using interface spin transfer torque
in multilayered systems. We demonstrate the effect by a quantitative
calculation of the current induced magnetization dynamics of Erbium. Finally we
propose a setup for experimental verification.Comment: In the previous version of this paper was a small numerical mistake
made when evaluating equation 3 and 9. The number of digits given in the
calculation of the torque current tensor is reduced to better represent the
accuracy of the calculation. A slightly modified paper have been published in
Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 256601 (2006) 4 pages 3 figure
The function of âfunctionalâ: a mixed methods investigation
OBJECTIVE: The term 'functional' has a distinguished history, embodying a number of physiological concepts, but has increasingly come to mean 'hysterical'. The DSM-V working group proposes to use 'functional' as the official diagnostic term for medically unexplained neurological symptoms (currently known as 'conversion disorder'). This study aimed to explore the current neurological meanings of the term and to understand its resilience. DESIGN: Mixed methods were used, first interviewing the neurologists in a large UK region and then surveying all neurologists in the UK on their use of the term. RESULTS: The interviews revealed four dominant uses--'not organic', a physical disability, a brain disorder and a psychiatric problem--as well as considerable ambiguity. Although there was much dissatisfaction with the term, the ambiguity was also seen as useful when engaging with patients. The survey confirmed these findings, with a majority adhering to a strict interpretation of 'functional' to mean only 'not organic', but a minority employing it to mean different things in different contexts - and endorsing the view that 'functional' would one day be a neurological construct again. CONCLUSIONS: 'Functional' embodies real divisions in neurologists' conceptualisation of unexplained symptoms and, perhaps, between those of patients and neurologists: its diversity of meanings allows it to be a common term while meaning different things to different people, or at different times, and thus conceal some of the conflict in a particularly contentious area. This flexibility may help explain the term's longevity
Headache in 25 consecutive patients with atrial septal defects before and after percutaneous closure â a prospective case series
In contrast to patent foramen ovale, that is highly prevalent in the general population, atrial
septal defect (ASD) is a rare congenital heart defect. The effect of ASD closure on headache
and migraine remains a matter of controversy. The objectives of the study were (i) to
determine headache prevalence in consecutive patients with ASD scheduled for percutaneous
closure for cardiologic indications, using the classification of the International Headache
Society and (ii) to compare headache characteristics before and after closure of ASD. In this
observational case series no a priori power analysis was performed. Twenty-five consecutive
patients were prospectively included over 27 months. Median duration of follow-up was 12
months, [Interquartile range 0]. Prevalence of active headache seemed to be increased
compared to the general population: Any headaches 88% (95% confidence interval 70-96),
migraine without aura 28% (14-48), migraine with aura 16% (6-35). After ASD closure, we
observed a slightly lower headache frequency (median frequency 1.0 [2.6] vs. 0.3 [1.5]
headaches per month; p=0.067). In patients with ongoing headaches, a significant decrease in
headache intensity (median VAS 7 [3] vs. 5 [4]; p=0.036) was reported. Three patients with
migraine with aura before the intervention reported no migraine with aura attacks at followup,
two of them reported ongoing tension-type headache, one migraine without aura. In
summary, this prospective observational study confirms the high prevalence of headache,
particularly migraine, in ASD patients and suggests a possible small beneficial effect of ASD
closure
Spin Transfer Torques in MnSi at Ultra-low Current Densities
Spin manipulation using electric currents is one of the most promising
directions in the field of spintronics. We used neutron scattering to observe
the influence of an electric current on the magnetic structure in a bulk
material. In the skyrmion lattice of MnSi, where the spins form a lattice of
magnetic vortices similar to the vortex lattice in type II superconductors, we
observe the rotation of the diffraction pattern in response to currents which
are over five orders of magnitude smaller than those typically applied in
experimental studies on current-driven magnetization dynamics in
nanostructures. We attribute our observations to an extremely efficient
coupling of inhomogeneous spin currents to topologically stable knots in spin
structures
Impact of paternal deployment to the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan and paternal post-traumatic stress disorder on the children of military fathers
Background
Little is known about the social and emotional well-being of children
whose fathers have been deployed to the conflicts in Iraq/
Afghanistan or who have post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Aims
To examine the emotional and behavioural well-being of children
whose fathers are or have been in the UK armed forces, in particular
the effects of paternal deployment to the conflicts in Iraq
or Afghanistan and paternal PTSD.
Method
Fathers who had taken part in a large tri-service cohort and had
children aged 3â16 years were asked about the emotional and
behavioural well-being of their child(ren) and assessed for
symptoms of PTSD via online questionnaires and telephone
interview.
Results
In total, 621 (67%) fathers participated, providing data on
1044 children. Paternal deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan was
not associated with childhood emotional and behavioural
difficulties. Paternal probable PTSD were associated with child
hyperactivity. This finding was limited to boys and those under
11 years of age.
Conclusions
This study showed that adverse childhood emotional and
behavioural well-being was not associated with paternal
deployment but was associated with paternal probable PTSD
Coherent Pair Production by Photons in the 20-170 GeV Energy Range Incident on Crystals and Birefringence
The cross section for coherent pair production by linearly polarised photons
in the 20-170 GeV energy range was measured for photon aligned incidence on
ultra-high quality diamond and germanium crystals. The theoretical description
of coherent bremsstrahlung and coherent pair production phenomena is an area of
active theoretical debate and development. However, under our experimental
conditions, the theory predicted the combined cross section and polarisation
experimental observables very well indeed. In macroscopic terms, our experiment
measured a birefringence effect in pair production in a crystal. This study of
this effect also constituted a measurement of the energy dependent linear
polarisation of photons produced by coherent bremsstrahlung in aligned
crystals. New technologies for manipulating high energy photon beams can be
realised based on an improved understanding of QED phenomena at these energies.
In particular, this experiment demonstrates an efficient new polarimetry
technique. The pair production measurements were done using two independent
methods simultaneously. The more complex method using a magnet spectrometer
showed that the simpler method using a multiplicity detector was also viable.Comment: 10 pages, 13 figures, 1 table, REVTeX4 two column, Version for
publicatio
Linear to Circular Polarisation Conversion using Birefringent Properties of Aligned Crystals for Multi-GeV Photons
We present the first experimental results on the use of a thick aligned Si
crystal acting as a quarter wave plate to induce a degree of circular
polarisation in a high energy linearly polarised photon beam. The linearly
polarised photon beam is produced from coherent bremsstrahlung radiation by 178
GeV unpolarised electrons incident on an aligned Si crystal, acting as a
radiator. The linear polarisation of the photon beam is characterised by
measuring the asymmetry in electron-positron pair production in a Ge crystal,
for different crystal orientations. The Ge crystal therefore acts as an
analyser. The birefringence phenomenon, which converts the linear polarisation
to circular polarisation, is observed by letting the linearly polarised photons
beam pass through a thick Si quarter wave plate crystal, and then measuring the
asymmetry in electron-positron pair production again for a selection of
relative angles between the crystallographic planes of the radiator, analyser
and quarter wave plate. The systematics of the difference between the measured
asymmetries with and without the quarter wave plate are predicted by theory to
reveal an evolution in the Stokes parameters from which the appearance of a
circularly polarised component in the photon beam can be demonstrated. The
measured magnitude of the circularly polarised component was consistent with
the theoretical predictions, and therefore is in indication of the existence of
the birefringence effect.Comment: 12 pages, 12 figures, 1 table, REVTeX4 two column, Version for
publicatio
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