Honeylocust Twig-gall Midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Michigan

Emergence and oviposition data were gathered for Neolasioptera brevis, a recently described pest of honeylocust. In 1984 the insects first emerged on 21 May and first oviposited on 4 June; in 1985 they first emerged on 28 April and first oviposited between 5-20 May. Average raceme length at emergence and at oviposition were 2.7 and 4.4 cm in 1984 and 2.6 and 4.8 cm in 1985. Approximate duration of the emergence period was one week. In 1985 observed oviposition wounds averaged 0.5/cm

Worker Participation and Industrial Relations – The Trend Toward Decentralization

On peut examiner les récents développements de la participation des travailleurs dans le contexte général des régimes de relations professionnelles.En Europe, une des raisons de l'insistance pour la participation des travailleurs se trouve dans la traditionnelle centralisation des relations industrielles. Aussi, plutôt qu'une orientation vers une nouvelle direction, la participation des travailleurs peut y être considérée comme un complément aux modèles traditionnels dans un effort de décentralisation.Il est très improbable que des organismes comme les conseils d'entreprise réaliseront un jour l'objectif d'autonomie au-delà des intérêts sectoriels des travailleurs et de la direction. De plus, les efforts en faveur du contrôle ouvrier vont probablement recevoir une réponse limitée dans des pays où, par exemple aux États-Unis et en Grande Bretagne, les travailleurs perçoivent les relations industrielles comme étant déjà passablement décentralisées.The author examines the recent developments in worker participation in the context of overall patterns in industrial relations. In Europe, it appears as a complement to traditional patterns, an attempt to decentralize influence. Efforts toward worker control are likely to have limited appeal in places such as the United States and Britain where labour perceives industrial relations as already fairly decentralized

Determining key research areas for healthier diets and sustainable food systems in Viet Nam

Vietnamese food systems are undergoing rapid transformation, with important implications for human and environmental health and economic development. Poverty has decreased, and diet quality and undernutrition have improved significantly since the end of the Doi Moi reform period (1986-1993) as a result of Viet Nam opening its economy and increasing its regional and global trade. Yet poor diet quality is still contributing the triple burden of malnutrition, with 25 percent stunting among children under age 5, 26 percent and 29 percent of women and children, respectively, anemic, and 21 percent of adults overweight. Agricultural production systems have shifted from predominantly diverse smallholder systems to larger more commercialized and specialized systems, especially for crops, while the ‘meatification’ of the Vietnamese diet is generating serious trade-offs between improved nutrition and sustainability of the Vietnamese food systems. The food processing industry has developed rapidly, together with food imports, resulting in new and processed food products penetrating the food retail outlets, trending towards an increase in the Westernized consumption patterns that are shifting nutrition-related problems towards overweight and obesity and, with it, an increase of non-communicable disease-related health risks. While regulatory policies exist across the food system, these are not systematically implemented, making food safety a major concern for consumers and policy makers alike. Where data exists, it is not easy to aggregate with data from across food system dimensions, making it difficult for Viet Nam to make an informed analysis of current and potential food system trade-offs. In our research, we reviewed existing literature and data, and applied a food systems framework to develop an initial food systems profile for Viet Nam and to identify a comprehensive set a of research questions to fill current data gaps identified through the review. Insights on these would provide the comprehensive evidence needed to inform policy makers on how to develop new food systems policies for Viet Nam, and further refine and improve existing policies to achieve better quality diets and more sustainable food systems in Viet Nam. Based on these, we then engaged with stakeholders to develop research priorities in the Viet Nam context and identified 25 priority research questions. This paper aims to stimulate such reflections by clearly outlining key areas for research, government policy, and development programs on priority investment to build the evidence base around inclusive food systems interventions that aim to result in healthier diets and more sustainable food systems for Viet Nam

Evidence for Crystal-Field Splitting in Surface-Atom Photoemission from Potassium

Photoemission spectra from the shallow 3p3/2 core levels of the surface atoms of metallic potassium exhibit the effects of a small but measurable crystal-field splitting of ∼38 meV. It manifests itself mainly as an apparent angle-dependent modulation of the spin-orbit splitting. This phenomenon may, in general, interfere with accurate determinations of surface-atom core-level shifts

Ta(110) Surface and Subsurface Core-level Shifts and 4f7/2 Lineshapes

High-resolution 4f core-level spectra of the Ta(110) surface region have been obtained at 80 and 300 K with 70- and 100-eV synchrotron radiation. The data show that the subsurface core-level binding-energy shift (compared to deeper-lying atoms) for a close-packed bcc(110) surface can be substantial: 65±15 meV for the first underlayer atoms of Ta(110). The surface core-level shift is 360±12 meV at 80 K and decreases by 13±2 meV at 300 K. Final-state screening in both the bulk and surface layers is well described by a constant singularity index of 0.133±0.012. An enhanced phonon broadening at the surface corresponds to a reduced perpendicular Debye temperature for the surface atoms of 128±18 K compared to the bulk Debye temperature of 225 K

Surface Core-Level Phonon Broadening of Li(110)

High-resolution core-level photoemission data from the 1s level of Li(110) have been obtained between 77 and 280 K. Analysis of the data reveals a significant difference in the zero-temperature phonon broadening between the bulk and surface atoms but only a small difference in the effective surface and bulk Debye temperatures. This latter result is in good agreement with an embedded-atom-method calculation of the bulk and surface Debye temperatures of Li. Implications of these results to surface core-level phonon broadening and surface lattice dynamics of the heavier alkali metals are discussed

3D imaging of natural volcanic ash fragments and comparison with experimentally-vesiculated volcanic glass

Volcanic particles in ash clouds can cause adverse effects on human health as well as having the potential to cause critical damage to aircraft. In order to improve understanding of the underlying causes for the damage caused by volcanic particles we examined their appearance in 3D using confocal microscopy. We present here results of 3D imaging of volcanic glass particles from two Icelandic volcanoes together with experimentally-vesiculated volcanic glass. True colour 3D images were obtained using an Olympus LEXT 3D laser scanning reflectance confocal microscope. The images show bubble structure, fracture patterns, shape morphology and characteristics of grains. Simulated fragments and bubbles compare well with real material from the Icelandic events, with similar overall bubble sizes. 3D laser confocal microscopy imaging of volcanic glass fragments helps in examining the structure of volcanic particles and hence has the potential of leading to improved understanding of their potential impact

Model of a fluid at small and large length scales and the hydrophobic effect

We present a statistical field theory to describe large length scale effects induced by solutes in a cold and otherwise placid liquid. The theory divides space into a cubic grid of cells. The side length of each cell is of the order of the bulk correlation length of the bulk liquid. Large length scale states of the cells are specified with an Ising variable. Finer length scale effects are described with a Gaussian field, with mean and variance affected by both the large length scale field and by the constraints imposed by solutes. In the absence of solutes and corresponding constraints, integration over the Gaussian field yields an effective lattice gas Hamiltonian for the large length scale field. In the presence of solutes, the integration adds additional terms to this Hamiltonian. We identify these terms analytically. They can provoke large length scale effects, such as the formation of interfaces and depletion layers. We apply our theory to compute the reversible work to form a bubble in liquid water, as a function of the bubble radius. Comparison with molecular simulation results for the same function indicates that the theory is reasonably accurate. Importantly, simulating the large length scale field involves binary arithmetic only. It thus provides a computationally convenient scheme to incorporate explicit solvent dynamics and structure in simulation studies of large molecular assemblies

Quasi-Moessbauer effect in two dimensions

Expressions for the absorption spectrum of a nucleus in a three- and a two-dimensional crystal respectively are obtained analytically at zero and at finite temperature respectively. It is found that for finite temperature in two dimensions the Moessbauer effect vanishes but is replaced by what we call a Quasi-Moessbauer effect. Possibilities to identify two-dimensional elastic behavior are discussed.Comment: 18 pages, 5 figures, notation simplifie

Enhanced Vibrational Broadening of Core-Level Photoemission from the Surface of Na(110)

High-resolution temperature-dependent photoemission data from Na 2p core levels reveal substantially larger phonon broadening in the first atomic layer of Na(110) than in the bulk. We show that the enhanced width is due primarily to the excitation of relatively soft phonon modes perpendicular to the surface. Soft surface-phonon modes also account for previously reported but uninterpreted broadening of transition-metal surface-atom core levels