Howard Goldblatt’s Three Treaties or Treatments of Translation

The paper is an introduction and discussion of Howard Goldblatt’s three treaties or treatments of translations, i.e.1.The translation is faithful to the original as an organic unity, 2. the translation is supposed to faithfully convey the images of the original, 3.Above all, he always takes the readers of his translation into first consideration. The first clause refers to Howard Goldblatt’s rewriting of the original, to some extent, following western Poetics, which is loyal to the original as a whole; the second means to focus on rendering the original images to incarnate the original spirit, whose ultimate goal is to ensure the literariness of a translation; and the third one requires a translator, first of all, should put the readers of the translation in the first place, that is to say, reader-oriented, such as their aesthetic intent and interest, to arouse their resonance emotionally. By adopting the fore-mentioned principles, Howard Goldblatt’s translations are recognized and acclaimed over the stage of world literature

A Survey of English Learning Based on M-learning—Case Study of Students of Grade 2017, BIPT

In the contemporary time, mobile devices are particularly popular among college students; so does it on Beijing Institute of Petrol-chemical Technology. And the paper aims to make clear of English learning involved the students of Grade 2017, BIPT, by using mobile equipment. It adopts survey study to the students in the project, which focuses on the detailed investigation, such as gender, program, application, time, length, place, material, style, major and effect, and etc. Based on the results of the data about the students’ application of mobile devices into English learning, the survey is likely to give tips to the students and provide Dept. of Foreign Languages and other relevant departments of BIPT with some suggestion, which is of significance to improve English teaching and learning

Interface study of high-k oxide and Ge for the future Ge based MOSFET device

Master'sMASTER OF SCIENC

The Approaches from National Literature to World Literature

The paper explores the approaches from national literature to world one. The first approach to the world literature is literary translation and translated literature, the former refers to the faithful translation of original national works, and the latter means a creative treason of translation, or a kind of rewriting, based on the original text; the second is to gain the Nobel Award for Literature; The third is travel, exile or Diaspora of literature; and the last one is literary communication. In the end, the author stresses that the world literature is a literary garden of diversional and different dimension

Small pyramidal textured ultrathin crystalline silicon solar cells with double-layer passivation

Ultrathin crystalline silicon solar cells are a promising technology roadmap to achieve more cost effectiveness. However, experimental reports on ultrathin crystalline silicon cells with thickness less than 20 μm are rare. Here, we experimentally fabricate and investigate ultrathin monocrystalline silicon solar cells consisting of 16 μm-silicon base thickness and low-cost front random pyramidal texture with the feature size of 1-2 μm. The normalized light absorption is calculated to explain the measured external quantum efficiency. The achieved efficiency is 15.1% for the single-layer passivated textured solar cell. In addition, via double-layer passivation of Al2O3/SiNx, the efficiency is further increased to 16.4% for the best textured cell, which significantly improves the absolute efficiency with Δη = 1.3%

Rapid site-directed domain scanning mutagenesis of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli espD

We developed a rapid mutagenesis method based on a modification of the QuikChange® system (Stratagene) to systemically replace endogenous gene sequences with a unique similar size sequence tag. The modifications are as follows: 1: the length of the anchoring homologous sequences of both mutagenesis primers were increased to 16 - 22 bp to achieve melting temperatures greater than 80°C. 2: the final concentrations of both primers were increased to 5-10 ng/μl and the final concentration of template to 1-2 ng/μl. 3: the annealing temperature was adjusted when necessary from 52°C to 58°C. We generated 25 sequential mutants in the cloned espD gene (1.2 kb), which encodes an essential component of the type III secretion translocon required for the pathogenesis of enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) infection. Each mutation consisted of the replacement of 15 codons (45 bp) with 8 codons representing a 24 bp sequence containing three unique restriction endonuclease sites (KpnI/MfeI/SpeI) starting from the second codon. The insertion of the restriction endonuclease sites provides a convenient method for further insertions of purification and/or epitope tags into permissive domains. This method is rapid, site-directed and allows for the systematic creation of mutants evenly distributed throughout the entire gene of interest

Inhibition of Ferrochelatase Impairs Vascular eNOS/NO and sGC/cGMP Signaling

Ferrochelatase (FECH) is an enzyme necessary for heme synthesis, which is essential for maintaining normal functions of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC). We tested the hypothesis that inhibition of vascular FECH to attenuate heme synthesis downregulates eNOS and sGC expression, resulting in impaired NO/cGMP-dependent relaxation. To this end, isolated bovine coronary arteries (BCAs) were in vitro incubated without (as controls) or with N-methyl protoporphyrin (NMPP; 10-5-10-7M; a selective FECH antagonist) for 24 and 72 hours respectively. Tissue FECH activity, heme, nitrite/NO and superoxide levels were sequentially measured. Protein expression of FECH, eNOS and sGC was detected by western blot analysis. Vascular responses to various vasoactive agents were evaluated via isometric tension studies. Treatment of BCAs with NMPP initiated a time- and dose-dependent attenuation of FECH activity without changes in its protein expression, followed by significant reduction in the heme level. Moreover, ACh-induced relaxation and ACh-stimulated release of NO were significant reduced, associated with suppression of eNOS protein expression in NMPP-treated groups. Decreased relaxation to NO donor spermine-NONOate reached the statistical significance in BCAs incubated with NMPP for 72 hours, concomitantly with downregulation of sGCbeta1 expression that was independent of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), nor did it significantly affect BCA relaxation caused by BAY 58-2667 that activates sGC in the heme-deficiency. Neither vascular responses to non-NO/sGC-mediators nor production of superoxide was affected by NMPP-treatment. In conclusion, deletion of vascular heme production via inhibiting FECH elicits downregulation of eNOS and sGC expression, leading to an impaired NO-mediated relaxation in an oxidative stress-independent manner

Gametogenesis in Malaria Parasites Is Mediated by the cGMP-Dependent Protein Kinase

Malaria parasite transmission requires differentiation of male and female gametocytes into gametes within a mosquito following a blood meal. A mosquito-derived molecule, xanthurenic acid (XA), can trigger gametogenesis, but the signalling events controlling this process in the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum remain unknown. A role for cGMP was revealed by our observation that zaprinast (an inhibitor of phosphodiesterases that hydrolyse cGMP) stimulates gametogenesis in the absence of XA. Using cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) inhibitors in conjunction with transgenic parasites expressing an inhibitor-insensitive mutant PKG enzyme, we demonstrate that PKG is essential for XA- and zaprinast-induced gametogenesis. Furthermore, we show that intracellular calcium (Ca2+) is required for differentiation and acts downstream of or in parallel with PKG activation. This work defines a key role for PKG in gametogenesis, elucidates the hierarchy of signalling events governing this process in P. falciparum, and demonstrates the feasibility of selective inhibition of a crucial regulator of the malaria parasite life cycle