Facharztweiterbildung Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie: Problemorientiertes Lernen - Evaluation eines Modellprojekts

Zusammenfassung: Die Betonung individueller Lernbedürfnisse, der Fähigkeit zur Lösung komplexer klinischer Probleme sowie einer von interkollegialer Kommunikation geprägten professionellen Grundhaltung durch das problemorientierte Lernen (POL) spricht für dessen Eignung als didaktisches Format in der Facharztweiterbildung. Dennoch wurde es bisher selten hierfür eingesetzt. Im Rahmen dieses Modellprojektes wurde das POL in das Kurrikulum der strukturierten Facharztweiterbildung Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie aufgenommen und über einen Zeitraum von 12Monaten mittels strukturierter Fragebögen evaluiert. Es fanden im Evaluationszeitraum 41POL-Kurse statt, an denen insgesamt 447 Assistenzärzte teilnahmen. Die Teilnehmer und die Tutoren bewerteten 19 von 21 erfragten Aspekten der POL-Kurse als gut bis sehr gut (Mittelwert auf einer 5-stufigen Likert-Skala >4). Insgesamt wurde das POL als besonders geeignet für die Weiterbildung eingeschätzt (Teilnehmer 4,5±0,8; Tutoren 5,0±0,2). Die Ergebnisse dieses Modellprojekts sprechen für die Eignung des POL als Teil eines vielfältigen Weiterbildungsangebots, um den Praxisbezug und die Anwendbarkeit des Wissens im klinischen Alltag zu stärke

Acoustic channel management for increased autonomy in underwater multi-agent patrol forces

Selvgående undervannskjøretøy (“Autonomous Underwater Vehicles”, AUVer) er tilganger som har mange anvendelser. Disse kjøretøyene er viktige for å kunne overvåke utilgjengelige og strategisk viktige områder, særlig i tider med pågående militære konflikter. Denne avhandlingen undersøker distribuerte løsninger og kommunikasjonsprotokoll for å gjøre flåter av AUVer mer selvgående til sammen. Spesifikt presenterer avhandlingen alminnelige løsninger og fremgangsmåter for AUVer, som vil danne en patruljetropp for å overvåke undervannsmiljøet, men også for fikse noder som trenger å kommunisere. Løsningene som foreslås hviler på fire pilarer. Første pilaren er en konsensusprotokoll, med hensikt å la agenter bli enige om tilstanden til den akustiske kanalen. Demonstrasjoner i simulering viser at strikt enighet er oppnåelig, med en feilsannsynlighet på mindre enn 10 % og en tidsadgang avhengig av nettverkets topologi og protokollens tidsparametere. Feltforsøk bekrefter en tilsvarende prestanda i et virkelig miljø og i nettverk på opp til seks noder. Andre pilaren er en metode som bygger på distribuert optimalisering for å bestemme de optimale parameterene for modulasjon og koding. Metoden benytter robust asynkron Newton-Raphson-optimalisering til dette formålet. Simulering viser at metoden hever forventet kommunikasjonshastighet i ett nettverk om fem noder, trass at optimaliseringsproblemet har et ikke-konvekst tvangsvilkår. Tredje pilaren er en distribuert modelle-prediktiv reguleringsalgoritm med gjennomførbar akustisk kommunikasjon. Mer spesifikt tilpasses algoritmen det akustiske undervannsmiljøet ved kringkastingbasert kommunikasjon, asynkron oppdatering og mekanismer for å håndtere forsinkete eller tapte pakker. Disse tilpasningene fører til at antakelsene som forgjengeren hviler på mykes opp. Numerisk simulering viser at tilpasningene muliggjør store besparinger i kommunikasjonshastighet samtidig som reguleringsprestandaen forblir tilfredsstillende. Fjerde pilaren er en akustisk undervannskommunikasjonskanal med mange innganger, som går kun én vei. Denne kanalen bruker teknologien “distribuert akustisk sansing” og kan benyttes for å formidle korte meldinger på en diskré måte. Anvendelsen demonstreres praktisk, i sanntid og ved lave frekvenser, ved hjelp av feltforsøk. I tillegg estimeres følsomheten til kabelen uttrykt i relativ deformasjon per trykkenhet. Avhandlingen diskuterer så disse fire bidragene, fordelene og ulempene deres, og sammenligner dem med relatert forskningsarbeid. Videre foreslår avhandlingen nye retninger for fremtidig arbeid, siden nye spørsmål vekkes med de inkluderte bidragene.Abstract Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) are assets with a wide range of applications. In times of global insecurity, with several ongoing military conflicts, such vehicles are instrumental to monitoring inaccessible but strategically important areas. This thesis investigates communication protocols and distributed solutions that enable and facilitate autonomy for fleets of AUVs. More specifically, the thesis proposes solutions and approaches in general applicable to AUVs wanting to form a patrol squad for underwater surveillance, but also potentially fixed nodes that need to communicate. The proposed solutions stand on four pillars. First is a consensus protocol that lets agents agree on the conditions of the acoustic channel. This protocol is demonstrated to converge to consensus under a consensus error rate of less than 10% in simulation, requiring a variable amount of time depending on network topology and timing parameters. The algorithm has also been demonstrated experimentally to attain similar performance in field-deployed networks of up to six nodes. Second is a distributed-optimisation-based approach to optimally determine the modulation and coding parameters using robust asynchronous Newton-Raphson optimisation. The algorithm is shown by simulation to improve the expected data rate in a five-node network, even though the optimization problem at its core has non-convex constraints. Third is a distributed model-predictive control algorithm with acoustically feasible communication requirements. Specifically, the algorithm is adapted to operate asynchronously, on a broadcast basis, and with mechanisms for handling delayed and lost packets, hence relaxing the assumptions of the predecessor. Numerical simulations show that the adaptations admit large savings in data rate while at the same time maintaining adequate tracking performance. Fourth is a one-way multiple-input underwater acoustic communications channel that can be used to covertly relay short messages to shore, based on the principles of distributed acoustic sensing. This channel is demonstrated with field trials to admit low-frequency communication from sea to shore in real time. In addition, the sensitivity of the cable is estimated in terms of strain units per pressure unit. This thesis discusses thus these four contributions, their advantages and disadvantages, and sets them in relation to relevant work. The thesis lists also possible directions for future work, as new questions arise with the aforementioned contributions.In reference to IEEE copyrighted material which is used with permission in this thesis, the IEEE does not endorse any of NTNU’s products or services. Internal or personal use of this material is permitted. If interested in reprinting/republishing IEEE copyrighted material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution, please go to http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/rights_link.html to learn how to obtain a License from RightsLink

Russia's War on Ukrainian Farms: The Black Sea Theater

Ukrainian agriculture is a central pillar of the country's economy and of its post-war recovery and reconstruction. Russia’s deliberate targeting of agricultural infrastructure and its naval blockade of the Black and Azov Seas have prevented Ukrainian grain from reaching world markets, threatening the global food system. Since Russia failed to renew its participation in the grain deal in July 2023, the Black Sea has become an increasingly contested space. Although Ukraine has unilaterally declared a maritime corridor and some commercial ships have defied Russia's warning that they may be targeted, in the absence of a new agreement on a Grain Corridor, this remains a perilous and risky path for Ukrainian grain. If there is hope for a new Grain Deal, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, President of Türkiye, will likely be its broker. Erdoğan is interested in a normalization of food trade not only to shore up Türkiye's own food security, but because the country’s food-commodity trade relations with Europe and the Middle East make it a central node in the global food system

Great expectations: a tale of two transitions - a survey of the evidence on expectations in transition economies

Over a quarter of the world’s population lives in countries that have undertaken transitions from central planning to some form of market-based coordination. These transitions entail far-reaching and complex economic and institutional changes and have had widely divergent trajectories. Important strands of literature have emphasised the many strategic complementarities that characterise the transition process. Contrary to a widespread assumption, new functioning economic institutions and a robust legal framework do not necessarily arise when property rights are reconfigured in a highly unstable and uncertain environment. Multiple equilibria emerge and expectations may play a key role in equilibrium selection. In this paper, we review the vast empirical literature on transition economies to provide comprehensive evidence about expectations at the beginning of transition, gathering and organising information from disparate studies across a wide set of countries. We thus provide the first comprehensive survey of the literature on agents’ subjective perceptions of transition paths.</p

Surrender, catch and the imp of fieldwork

We build on the work of Kurt Wolff to capture some distinctive aspects of ethnographic fieldwork. Drawing on the sociology of knowledge and phenomenology, Wolff introduced and developed the idea of surrender-and- catch in order to encapsulate the twin processes of engagement and reflection. We extend the idea to incorporate what we call the 'imps’ of ethnographic fieldwork. For neither surrender nor catch are themselves predictable or perfectly under the ethnographer’s control. While fieldwork is itself unpredictable, there may be many unanticipated ‘catches’. Moreover, there is often an ethnographic ‘imp’ that intrudes itself, questioning the very desirability or good sense of the fieldwork itself. The imps arise unbidden but can pose searching, sometimes unwelcome – though ultimately productive – questions. We illustrate the paper from a brief fieldwork encounter with the world of studio photography

Post-Soviet Power

Post-Soviet Power tells the story of the Russian electricity system and examines the politics of its transformation from a ministry to a market. Susanne A. Wengle shifts our focus away from what has been at the center of post-Soviet political economy - corruption and the lack of structural reforms - to draw attention to political struggles to establish a state with the ability to govern the economy. She highlights the importance of hands-on economic planning by authorities - post-Soviet developmentalism - and details the market mechanisms that have been created. This book argues that these observations urge us to think of economies and political authority as mutually constitutive, in Russia and beyond. Whereas political science often thinks of market arrangements resulting from political institutions, Russia's marketization demonstrates that political status is also produced by the market arrangements that actors create. Taking this reflexivity seriously suggests a view of economies and markets as constructed and contingent entities

Experimental assessment of a JANUS-based consensus protocol

This paper proposes a distributed, JANUS-based protocol that enables an underwater acoustic network to reach consensus on arbitrary local opinions as numeric state variables. An envisioned scenario where nodes shall agree on parameters describing the acoustic environment is used to evaluate the protocol. The scenario exemplifies the protocol’s potential in future applications where nodes use the environment description to decide on appropriate modulation and coding schemes. The evaluation is based on numerical simulations and sea experiments in a challenging acoustic environment. The numerical simulations allowed examining the performance for different parameter values regarding the timing of transmission events and state transitions in the finite state machine implementation of the protocol. The best parameter configuration was used in the sea experiments conducted in a bay in the Baltic Sea. The experiments comprised several deployments of five to six commercial modems. Results from the experiments show that the protocol can achieve a consensus up to 89% of the time in the tested environment, and up to 96% of the time if the state variables are permitted to differ by one discretisation step maximum across the network. In addition, if the network separates due to environmental conditions, connected components appear to achieve consensus more often when the links are more reliable. Finally, it is shown that when different consensus processes are active in parallel, packets from one process do not interfere with the opinions in different processes, besides the existing probability of packet loss due to packet collision.publishedVersio

Authentication of underwater assets

Secure digital wireless communication in the acoustic domain has become a key issue as underwater operations shift towards employing a heterogeneous mix of robotic assets and as the security of digital systems becomes challenged across all domains. At the same time, a proliferation of underwater signal coding and physical layer options are delivering greater bandwidth and flexibility, but mostly without the standards necessary for interoperability. We address here an essential requirement for security, namely a confirmation of asset identities also known as authentication. We propose, implement, verify and validate an authentication protocol based on the first digital underwater communications standard. Our scheme is applicable primarily to AUVs operating around offshore oil and gas facilities, but also to other underwater devices that may in the future have acoustic modems. It makes communication including command and control significantly more secure, and provides a foundation for the development of more sophisticated security mechanisms.Authentication of underwater assetspublishedVersio

The enzymic synthesis of the sulfate esters of estradiol-17[beta] and diethylstilbesterol

The present study demonstrates the formation of three sulfate esters of estradiol and three of diethylstilbesterol by a microsome-free extract of rat liver.The sulfate esters were separated by paper chromatography using a potassium phosphate buffer solvent and detected by radioautography using 35S.Evidence is presented that the three sulfate esters of estradiol are estradiol-3-sulfate, estradiol-17-sulfate and estradiol-3,17-disulfate and that those of diethylstilbesterol are two isomeric monosulfate esters and the disulfate ester of diethylstilbesterol.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/32279/1/0000341.pd