Real time energy management of electrically turbocharged engines based on model learning

Engine downsizing is a promising trend to decarbonise vehicles but it also poses a challenge on vehicle driveability. Electric turbochargers can solve the dilemma between engine downsizing and vehicle driveability. Using the electric turbocharger, the transient response at low engine speeds can be recovered by air boosting assistance. Meanwhile, the introduction of electric machine makes the engine control more complicated. One emerging issue is to harness the augmented engine air system in a systematical way. Therefore, the boosting requirement can be achieved fast without violating exhaust emission standards. Another raised issue is to design an real time energy management strategy. This is of critical to minimise the required battery capacity. Moreover, using the on-board battery in a high efficient way is essential to avoid over-frequent switching of the electric machine. This requests the electric machine to work as a generator to recharge the battery. The capability of generating power strongly depends on the engine operating point. One big challenge is that the calibration of generating power capability is time-consuming in experiments. This paper proposes a neuro-fuzzy approach to model the engine. Based on the virtual engine model, the capability of generating power at arbitrary engine operating point can be obtained fast and accurately, which is applicable to implement in real time

A review of intelligent road preview methods for energy management of hybrid vehicles

Due to the shortage of fuel resources and concerns of environmental pressure, vehicle electrification is a promising trend. Hybrid vehicles are suitable alternatives to traditional vehicles. Travelling information is essential for hybrid vehicles to design the optimal control strategy for fuel consumption minimization and emissions reduction. In general, there are two ways to provide the information for the energy management strategy (EMS) design. First is extracting terrain information by utilizing global positioning system (GPS) and intelligent transportation system (ITS). However, this method is difficult to be implemented currently due to the computational complexity of extracting information. This leads to the second method which is predicting future vehicle speed and torque demand in a certain time horizon based on current and previous vehicle states. To support optimal EMS development, this paper presents a comprehensive review of prediction methods based on different levels of trip information for the EMS of hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV)

Real-time modelling and parallel optimisation of a gasoline direct injection engine

With the increasing complexity of engines and number of control parameters, optimal engine parameter sets need to be searched in the high dimensionality. Traditional calibration methods are too complicated, expensive and timeconsuming. The model-based optimisation is of critical importance for engine fuel efficiency improvement and exhaust emissions reduction. The optimisation highly depends on the model accuracy. In this paper, a multi-layer modelling method is proposed, which can be used to generate the engine model at arbitrary operating points in real time with high accuracy. An enhanced heuristic-algorithm-based optimiser is combined with the real-time modelling method to perform a parallel optimisation. The proposed modelling and optimisation strategy can achieve the minimal fuel consumption fast and accurately. This strategy has been successfully verified using experimental data sets

Multifunctional Three-Dimensional Europium Metal–Organic Framework for Luminescence Sensing of Benzaldehyde and Cu²⁺ and Selective Capture of Dye Molecules

A multifunctional three-dimensional lanthanide metal–organic framework has been rationally constructed. Highly selective sensing of benzaldehyde and Cu²⁺ ions makes it a potential bifunctional sensor. Also, it could serve as a good candidate material for the removal of dyes from effluents based on the size exclusion

OVA-sensitized asthmatic rat models were established successfully.

<p>Airway function was detected and BAL fluid and serum were collected and evaluated by ELISA. <b>A</b>, R_L and Cdyn values were obtained in response to increasing concentrations of inhaled MCh, as described in material and methods. Data represented mean±SEM (n = 20 in each group). *<i>p</i><0.05. <b>B</b>, Cellular composition of BAL fluid. <b>C</b>, Cytokine levels in BAL fluid and serum. <b>D</b>, Eotaxin levels in BAL fluid and serum. IgE levels in serum. Total, total cells; Epi, epithelium; Mac, macrophages; Lym, lymphocytes; Neu, neutrophils; Eos, eosinophils. Date represent the mean±SEM (n = 20 in each group). *<i>p</i><0.05, **<i>p</i><0.01 significant differences comparing asthmatic group and control group.</p

Down-regulation of Rfng and overexpression of Lfng or Mfng decreased their ability to promote Th2 subsets but elevated the ability to promote Th1 subsets.

<p><b>A</b>, Real-time PCR analysis was performed to detect the IL-4, IL-5, IFN-γ, IL-12, T-bet, GATA-3 levels in SiRNA interference CD4⁺T cells. Blank-treated results were taken as 1. Results are from three independent experiments. The data for each group are expressed as means±SEM. *<i>p</i><0.05, **<i>p</i><0.01, ***<i>p</i><0.001, significant differences between SiRNA-Rfng group and SiRNA-scramble group (NC), mock control group or blank group. <b>B</b>, the IL-4, IL-5, IFN-γ, IL-12, T-bet, GATA-3 mRNA levels of Lfng plasmid group or Mfng plamid group were determined by real-time PCR analysis. *<i>p</i><0.05, **<i>p</i><0.01, significant differences between Lfng (Mfng) plasmid group and pEGFP-N1 group (NC) or blank control group. <b>C and D</b>, the IL-4, IL-5, IFN-γ, IL-12 concentrations in supernatants were determined by ELISA analysis. The data for each group are expressed as means±SEM. *<i>p</i><0.05.</p

CD4⁺T cells stimulating assay by flow cytometry.

<p><b>A and B</b>, Purified naïve CD4⁺T cells were cultured in wells with PBS, anti-CD3 mAb alone (5 µg/ml), anti-CD3 mAb (5 µg/ml), plus anti-CD28 mAb (2 µg/ml), and PHA-M (10 ng/ml) as indicated. After 3 days culturing, the expression of CD69 was assessed by flow cytometry. The percentages represented positive CD69 populations after CD4⁺T stimulation. The histogram of a representative experiment is presented in A (blank line, CD69 staining). CD4⁺T cells stimulated by anti-CD3 Ab plus anti-CD28 Ab elevated CD69 expression by 67.95%, compared with PBS (2.76%), anti-CD3 alone (26.78%) or PHA-M (31.57%), displaying the most efficient T cells proliferation. The summary of 3 independent experiments is presented in B. <b>C</b>, Cell division of CD4⁺T cell subpopulations were measured by CFSE dilution on day 3 by flow cytometric analyses of CD3/CD28 stimulating cells. (blue line, Isotype control; blank, CD69 staining).</p

Notch signaling assay in asthmatic naïve CD4⁺T cells.

<p><b>A</b>, Asthmatic CD4⁺T cells were transfected with Lfng plasmid and RBPJ-κ luciferase reporter plasmid pGa981-6. Then the luciferase activities were analyzed and normalized to Renilla luciferase activity in control group, asthmatic group, asthmatic CD4⁺T cells treated with control vector pEGFP-N1 and asthmatic CD4⁺T cells treated with Lfng, Mfng or Rfng group. We found that Notch signaling was activated in asthmatic group and overexpression of Lfng led to a reduction in Notch signaling activity<b>.</b> But there was no significant differences in Mfng or Rfng group. The results are shown as mean±SEM from three samples. *<i>p</i><0.05; **<i>p</i><0.01. The results are from one representative experiment of three independent experiments. <b>B</b>, Realtime PCR was performed to detect the mRNA levels of Hes-1. The mRNA levels of control CD4⁺T cells group were taken as 1. Results are from three independent experiments. The data for each group are expressed as means±SEM. *<i>p</i><0.05, significant differences between asthmatic group with control group, or asthmatic group with asthmatic CD4⁺T cells transfected with Lfng, Mfng or Rfng group. The Hes-1 mRNA decreased in Lfng group comparing with the asthmatic counterparts, but there was no significant differences in Mfng or Rfng group. <b>C</b>, Hes-1 protein levels in each group. Lane 1, control CD4⁺T cells; Lane 2, asthmatic CD4⁺T cells; Lane 3, asthmatic CD4⁺T cells transfected with pEGFP-N1 plasmid; Lane 4, asthmatic CD4⁺T cells transfected with Lfng plasmid. Representative of one of three similar experiments. The Hes-1 protein decreased in Lfng treated group.</p

Cytokine production from asthmatic naïve CD4⁺T cells pretreated with or without GSI.

<p>CD4⁺T cells pretreated with or without GSI and transfected with Lfng cDNA. All the groups, including control group, asthmatic group, asthmatic/DMSO (asthmatic CD4⁺T treated with DMSO as negative control), asthmatic/GSI (asthmatic CD4⁺T treated with GSI), asthmatic/Lfng (asthmatic CD4⁺T treated with Lfng vector) and asthmatic/GSI+Lfng (asthmatic CD4⁺T treated with GSI and Lfng vector) cells were stimulated by anti-CD3/anti-CD28 antibody and cultured for 3 days. The culture supernatants were collected to detect the IL-4, IL-5, IFN-γ, IL-12 levels by ELISA. *<i>p</i><0.05. The results are from one representative experiment of three independent experiments. Lfng overexpression almost had the same effect as GSI blockage on Th2 cytokine promotion (IL-4, IL-5) but had a greater effect on Th1 cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-12) than GSI treatment.</p

Summary of primer used for realtime PCR.

<p>Fwd: forward; Rev: Reverse.</p