John Rawls' political liberalism: implications for Nigeria's democracy

Since Nigeria’s independence in 1960, the country has continuously been confronted with among other issues, the problem of a weak and unjust social structure resulting in widespread social injustice. It is at the root of most of the crises and social malaise of the Nigerian society and is made more serious by the problems associated with ethnicity and arbitrariness by the state and government. Part of the resultant effects of this weak structure include unjust public institutions and social, ethnic, religious and political crises due mainly to a lack of social cohesion, political integration and an unfair principle of distribution of income, resources, goods and burdens in the society. All attempted palliatives by different administrations have all failed and a very bitter 3-year civil war between 1967 and 1970 in which more than a million lives were lost was the first major manifestation of the problem in post colonial Nigeria. This condition of affairs not only makes political stability and development difficult but also stifles the natural ingenuity of the people to grow. And very serious poverty and underdevelopment of the people in addition to a complete absence of liberty and rights have become institutionalised. In reaction, some Nigerians have resorted to all sorts of immoral, illegal and criminal actions and conduct, including corruption, lawlessness, indiscipline, tribalism, nepotism, and ethnicism, etc. Others have joined the political class and accepted the status quo of injustice as justice and hold this to be the proper and easiest way to achieve their life goals. This has inadvertently led to a warped and distorted sense of justice in the society. This sense of justice sees nothing wrong with vices such as public and institutional injustice, crime, fraud, corruption etc and embraces them wholeheartedly. I propose in this research therefore, the analysis of the fundamental ideas and ideals of John Rawls’ political liberalism as contained in his Political Liberalism as a way of addressing these social-political challenges. In doing this, the merits and intentions of Rawls’ two principles of justice which centre on liberty, equality and differences are examined to deduce their level of coherence, relevance and utility to the Nigerian society. An argument will be made that these two principles represent the closest philosophical and sociological paradigm that have the core ideas and ideals necessary in addressing the twin problems of social injustice and political instability in a third world disordered society such as Nigeria

HUBUNGAN KARAKTERISTIK SOSIAL EKONOMI PETANI PADI SAWAH DENGAN KEI-KUTSERTAAN DALAM PENYULUHAN PERTANIAN DI DESA KAMANGA KECAMATAN TOMPASO KABUPATEN MINAHASA

This study aims to analyze the relationship between socio-economic characteristics rice farmers in participat-ing in agricultural extension in the Village District of Tompaso Kamanga.The method used in this research is quantitative method. The research was conducted in the Village District of Tompaso Kamanga Minahasa regency. The number of respondents were 30 farmers: Simple Random Sam-pling. By using questionnaires. The variables measured were: age is measured in (year), education is formal education (elementary Graduate, Graduate from junior high school, go to college, PT), revenue is measured from the income of the paddy rice farming (USD), the status of land ownership (see from their own land and tenants and or penyakap), participation in agricultural extension (seen from the frequency of attendance). To determine the socio-economic factors that influence the selection of a variety of extension methods used Spearman Rank correlation formula (Siegel, 1997). The results showed that the characteristics of the mem-bers of the real touch with the level of participation and vice versa if the value of the probability (P)> α, mean that there is no real relationship between the characteristics of the members of the participation rate.Keywords: Relationship, Characteristics, Farmers, Agricultural Extensio

Moving beyond theory into practice: the application of the human rights based approach to development by Egyptian NGOs

Human Rights based development is a central but vague and contested approach in development theory and practice. There is considerable rhetoric about its broad conception, techniques, mechanisms and its effect of constructing just relationships and empowering the weakest. In contrast, this thesis argues that existing interpretations and applications of the approach have overlooked the effect of relationships, power interactions, and dynamics of constructing a world view of the meaning, process and realization of the right. This relational perspective is utilized to investigate the work of four Egyptian NGOs working with the Participatory Development Program of the Canadian International Development Agency. The study analyzes types of interaction between stakeholders involved in the implementation process, the donor and the state, NGOs and the state, NGOs and the population, NGOs and the donor, and NGOs and the private sector and media. These relationships are then situated in Egyptâ s socio-political context using a Gramscian lens to demonstrate dynamics of interactions between the state, private and civil sector. The findings show how the type of interrelationship between stakeholders compromised outcomes and failed to stimulate new just constructions. Further, it confirms the impact of the type of relationships on molding a hegemonic view, which by turn, stall transformations and reproduce the same structures of power. These findings emphasize the complexities of the approach. It suggests that the HRBA is both a social and political construction; accordingly it stipulates the formation of political and cultural legitimacies to human rights along with a relational perspective in order to realize a comprehensive approach for change

Hubungan Karakteristik Sosial Ekonomi Petani Padi Sawah dengan Kei-kutsertaan dalam Penyuluhan Pertanian di Desa Kamanga Kecamatan Tompaso Kabupaten Minahasa

This study aims to analyze the relationship between socio-economic characteristics rice farmers in participat-ing in agricultural extension in the Village District of Tompaso Kamanga.The method used in this research is quantitative method. The research was conducted in the Village District of Tompaso Kamanga Minahasa regency. The number of respondents were 30 farmers: Simple Random Sam-pling. By using questionnaires. The variables measured were: age is measured in (year), education is formal education (elementary Graduate, Graduate from junior high school, go to college, PT), revenue is measured from the income of the paddy rice farming (USD), the status of land ownership (see from their own land and tenants and or penyakap), participation in agricultural extension (seen from the frequency of attendance). To determine the socio-economic factors that influence the selection of a variety of extension methods used Spearman Rank correlation formula (Siegel, 1997). The results showed that the characteristics of the mem-bers of the real touch with the level of participation and vice versa if the value of the probability (P)> α, mean that there is no real relationship between the characteristics of the members of the participation rate

ANALISIS PENDAPATAN PETANI TOMAT PADA LAHAN SAWAH DI DESA TOSURAYA SELATAN KECAMATAN RATAHAN KABUPATEN MINAHASA TENGGARA

This study aims to determine how much income and costs of tomato growers in paddy fields. The method used is descriptive quantitative method. The sampling method in this study is simple random sampling method is simple random method by taking a random sample. The number of samples of tomato growers and rice farmers are respectively of 7 farmers. Analysis of the data used in this research is descriptive analysis. To determine the level of income of farmers used the analysis of income. The results of this study are income tomato farmers in paddy fields Rp. USD 40,000,000 and expenses. 11,769,000. That means farming tomatoes tomato farmers benefit because the value of R / C > 1 is 3:39 Income tomato farmers in paddy fields is greater when compared with income of rice farmers.  ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui berapa besar pendapatan dan biaya yang dibutuhkan petani tomat pada lahan sawah. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu metode deskriptif kuantitatif. Metode pengambilan sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah metode simple random sampling yaitu metode acak sederhana dengan mengambil sampel secara acak. Jumlah sampel petani tomat dan petani padi sawah masing-masing sebanyak 7 petani. Analisa data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu analisis deskriptif. Untuk mengetahui tingkat pendapatan petani digunakan analisis pendapatan. Hasil dari penelitian ini yaitu Pendapatan petani tomat pada lahan sawah yaitu  sebesar  Rp.   40,000,000 dan pengeluaran Rp. 11,769,000. Itu berarti usahatani tomat memberikan keuntungan bagi petani tomat karena nilai R/C > 1 yaitu 3.39 Pendapatan petani tomat pada lahan sawah lebih besar jika dibandingkan dengan pendapatan petani padi sawah

Ownership Structure, Good Corporate Governance, and Firm Performance in the Indonesian Capital Market

This research examines the effect of ownership structure and good corporate governance on firm performance. The research variables used were foreign ownership, institutional ownership, government ownership, size of the board of commissioners, and size of non-financial sector companies on the Indonesia Stock Exchange throughout 2013-2017. This study deployed a quantitative approach through multiple linear regression analysis, with a total sample of 1,650 observations. The research findings were foreign ownership, government ownership; board commissioner size had a significant positive effect on firm performance while institutional ownership and firm size had a significant negative effect on firm performance

PERSEPSI MASYARAKAT HUTAN MANGROVE BAHOWO DI KELURAHAN TONGKAINA KECAMATAN BUNAKEN KOTA MANADO

The purpose of the study was to determine the public perception of the Bahowo mangrove forest. This research was conducted in Bahowo, Tongkaina Sub-District, Bunaken District, Manado City. The study lastedfor 3 (three) months from August to November 2018 starting from preparation to writing the final report. The selection of respondents was done purposevely.This study used primary data and secondary data. Primary data was obtained through direct interviews with 20 respondents based on a list of prepared statements. Secondary data was obtained through documentation from agencies related to this study, among others, at the Tongkaina District Office in Bunaken District, Manado City, local bookstore and the internet using a google search engine to access scientific journal articles and thesis from others universities regarding people's perceptions of mangrove forests. This research showed that the community has positve perceptions of mangrove forests. Bahowo in Tongkaina Sub-District, Bunaken Sub-District, Manado City as a whole stated that he agreed with a total score of 1,714 judgments from the statements conveyed by the community through direct interviews and by calculating the overall score to determine the community's perception of mangrove forests. The community argued that mangrove forests play a very important role for local communities such as protecting from the dangers of high waves and tsunami hazards.*eprm

KAJIAN MODAL SOSIAL PADA KELOMPOK TANI DI DESA TUMANI KECAMATAN MAESAAN KABUPATEN MINAHASA SELATAN (Kelompok Tani Esa Waya dan Kelompok Tani Sinar Mas)

The objective of research is to examine Social Capital based on the elements of norm, network, trust, reciprocity, and values of the Esa Waya and Sinar Mas farmer groups. This research was conducted from May 2016 until July 2016, started from preparation until report compilation. The data used were in the form of primary data and secondary data. This research was carried out with purposive sampling technique. Fifty percent members of the population every farmer group. They are 11 members of Esa Waya group and 8 members of Sinar Mas group. Data analysis was done descriptively, served with using the table and then be interpreted. The result showed that, those elements of norm, network, trust, reciprocity, and values, social capital able to improve the existence and solidarity on the Esa Waya farmer group. The opposite, social capital has been reduced even has no longer on the Sinar Mas farmer group so that Sinar Mas farmer group was not progressed. In addition, the other factor is the age of Esa Waya group younger then Sinar Mas group. The education levels of the Esa Waya group higher than Sinar Mas group