The Use of Arbitration in Director and Officer Indemnification Disputes

Published in cooperation with the American Bar Association Section of Dispute Resolutio

Upper Spokane River Model: Boundary Conditions and Model Setup, 1991 and 2000

The Washington Department of Ecology is interested in a water quality model for the Upper Spokane River system for use in developing Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs). The goals of this modeling effort are to: • Gather data to construct a computer simulation model of the Spokane River system including Long Lake Reservoir and the pools behind Nine Mile dam, Upper Falls dam and Upriver dam • Ensure that the model accurately represents the system hydrodynamics and water quality (flow, temperature, dissolved oxygen and nutrient dynamics) A hydrodynamic and water quality model, CE-QUAL-W2 Version 3 (Wells, 1997), is being applied to model the Spokane River system. CE-QUAL-W2 is a two dimensional (longitudinal-vertical), laterally averaged, hydrodynamic and water quality model that has been under development by the Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiments Station (Cole and Wells, 2000). In order to model the system, the following data were required: • Spokane River flow, water level and water quality data at the upstream system boundary (the State of Idaho boundary) • Tributary inflows and water quality • Meteorological conditions • Bathymetry of the Spokane River, the dam pools along the river, and Long Lake Reservoir • Point source (wastewater treatment plants, WWTPs) inflows and water quality characteristics Data have been primarily collected from 1991 to 1992 and again during 2000. This report summarizes the data used in the modeling effort

Upper Spokane River Model in Idaho: Boundary Conditions and Model Setup and Calibration for 2001 and 2004

As a result of a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) study of the Spokane River in Washington, a hydrodynamic and water quality model for the Spokane River was developed by Portland State University (PSU) for the Corps of Engineers and the Washington Department of Ecology from the Washington-Idaho state line to the outlet of Long Lake. An earlier study of the Spokane River was undertaken by Limno-Tech (2001a, 2001b) for the domain shown in Figure 3. Limno-Tech used an earlier version of CE-QUAL-W2, Version 2, for the Reservoir portion of the Spokane River from Post Falls Dam to Coeur d’Alene Lake and a steady-state EPA model, QUAL2E, for the riverine section from Post Falls Dam to the Idaho-Washington State Line. The steady-state QUAL2E model was not adequate to deal with flow and water quality dynamics. Hence, the riverine portion of the model and the reservoir portion were both upgraded to CE-QUAL-W2 Version 3.1. PSU developed the CE-QUAL-W2 model, but did not have adequate data for model calibration. The set-up of this model was described in the following report: * Wells et al. (2003) - Upper Spokane River Model in Idaho: Boundary Conditions and Model Setup for 2001 Because of the necessity of looking at the entire river basin, a model using CE-QUAL-W2 Version 3.1 of the Idaho portion of the Spokane River model was developed to assess water quality management strategies for the Idaho side of the Spokane River. The objective of this study was to use new field data from 2001 and 2004 to improve the model calibration for the Idaho portion of the Spokane River and reevaluate the work done by Wells et al. (2003)

Upper Spokane River Model in Idaho: Boundary Conditions and Model Setup for 2001

The Spokane River in Idaho originates in Coeur d’Alene Lake (Figure 1 and Figure 2). The section of the Spokane River from Coeur d’Alene Lake to the Washington state line is the subject of a water quality study for the US Environmental Protection Agency. The objective of this study is to create a water quality and hydrodynamic model of the Spokane River in Idaho using CE-QUAL-W2 Version 3.1 (Cole and Wells, 2002). Since the Spokane River is water quality limited, a hydrodynamic and water quality model for the Spokane River in Washington was developed by Portland State University for the Corps of Engineers and the Washington Department of Ecology from the Idaho border to the outlet of Long Lake. An earlier study of the Spokane River was undertaken by Limno-Tech (2001a, 2001b) for the domain shown in Figure 3. Limno-Tech used an earlier version of CE-QUAL-W2, Version 2, for the Reservoir portion of the Spokane River from Post Falls Dam to Coeur d’Alene Lake and a steady-state EPA model, QUAL2E, for the riverine section from Post Falls Dam to the Idaho-Washington border. The steady-state QUAL2E model was not adequate to deal with flow and water quality dynamics. Hence, the riverine portion of the model and the reservoir portion were both upgraded to CE-QUAL-W2 Version 3.1. Because of the necessity of looking at the entire water basin, a model using CE-QUAL-W2 Version 3.1 of the Idaho portion of the Spokane River model was developed to assess water quality management strategies for the Idaho side of the Spokane River

The Meaning of Quality in Kinship Foster Care: Caregiver, Child, and Worker Perspectives

Copyright 2002 Families International, Inc.Though principles, guidelines, and procedures for assessing the quality of foster care in kinship settings have been introduced, research on the factors that mediate the quality and outcome of kinship care has been minimal. To provide insight into these factors from the perspectives of kinship stakeholders, this article presents findings from a qualitative study conducted with kinship caregivers, children living with relatives, and caseworkers of children in kinship placements. Their views on quality care in kinship homes, including factors to consider in the selection and evaluation of kinship placements and opinions of how kinship and nonkinship foster care differ, make unique contributions to the development of standards and measures for kinship foster care assessment. Findings confirm the salience of specific factors present in existing guidelines, build on existing recommendations for the selection and evaluation of kinship homes, and highlight important policy and practice issues for consideration with kinship families

IL-12 and Related Cytokines: Function and Regulatory Implications in Candida albicans Infection

IL-12 is a cytokine with links to both innate and adaptive immunity systems. In mice, its deletion leads to acute susceptibility to oral infection with the yeast Candida albicans, whereas such mice are resistant to systemic disease. However, it is an essential component of the adaptive response that leads to the generation of Th1-type cytokine responses and protection against disseminated disease. This paper presents an overview of the role of IL-12 in models of systemic and mucosal infection and the possible relationships between them

Late Holocene landscape change history related to the Alpine Fault determined from drowned forests in Lake Poerua, Westland, New Zealand

Abstract. Lake Poerua is a small, shallow lake that abuts the scarp of the Alpine Fault on the West Coast of New Zealand's South Island. Radiocarbon dates from drowned podocarp trees on the lake floor, a sediment core from a rangefront alluvial fan, and living tree ring ages have been used to deduce the late Holocene history of the lake. Remnant drowned stumps of kahikatea (Dacrycarpus dacrydioides) at 1.7–1.9 m water depth yield a preferred time-of-death age at 1766–1807 AD, while a dryland podocarp and kahikatea stumps at 2.4–2.6 m yield preferred time-of-death ages of ca. 1459–1626 AD. These age ranges are matched to, but offset from, the timings of Alpine Fault rupture events at ca. 1717 AD, and either ca. 1615 or 1430 AD. Alluvial fan detritus dated from a core into the toe of a rangefront alluvial fan, at an equivalent depth to the maximum depth of the modern lake (6.7 m), yields a calibrated age of AD 1223–1413. This age is similar to the timing of an earlier Alpine Fault rupture event at ca. 1230 AD ± 50 yr. Kahikatea trees growing on rangefront fans give ages of up to 270 yr, which is consistent with alluvial fan aggradation following the 1717 AD earthquake. The elevation levels of the lake and fan imply a causal and chronological link between lake-level rise and Alpine Fault rupture. The results of this study suggest that the growth of large, coalescing alluvial fans (Dry and Evans Creek fans) originating from landslides within the rangefront of the Alpine Fault and the rise in the level of Lake Poerua may occur within a decade or so of large Alpine Fault earthquakes that rupture adjacent to this area. These rises have in turn drowned lowland forests that fringed the lake. Radiocarbon chronologies built using OxCal show that a series of massive landscape changes beginning with fault rupture, followed by landsliding, fan sedimentation and lake expansion. However, drowned Kahikatea trees may be poor candidates for intimately dating these events, as they may be able to tolerate water for several decades after metre-scale lake level rises have occurred

Exploring Preferences for Urban Greening

Sustainable responses to urban development point to the need for higher density neighborhoods coupled with extensive urban tree canopy and greening. However, little research has been conducted with urban residents to ascertain if these urban forms match their preferred setting. This study sought to understand whether higher levels of greening could moderate preference for lower density residential settings when 212 participants rated images for preference. Each of the independent variables, greening and density, made a difference in preference: greener settings were more preferred than less green settings overall, and perceived density was marginally significant in relation to preference. A factor analysis resulted in the grouping of five neighborhood types distinguished by certain characteristics (e.g., greening, buffer, building form) which, together with the qualitative responses suggested insights for making higher density residential environments more preferred. We did not find a significant interaction between greening and perceived density in relation to preference, suggesting that greening does not moderate the density-preference relation