Analysis of histolocalization techniques of aluminum in leaves of Cerrado species

As técnicas de histolocalização são ferramentas importantes para o entendimento das estratégias de acúmulo de alumínio em espécies vegetais com ocorrência em solos ácidos, condição comum no Cerrado. Objetivou-se identificar a presença dessa estratégia em espécies de Cerrado, detectar e quantificar os sítios de acúmulo, testando a eficiência de cinco reagentes (aluminon, azurine, chrome azurol S, hematoxilina e pirocatecol violeta) e duas técnicas de processamento (sem inclusão e com inclusão em metacrilato), além de avaliar a presença de alumínio nos sítios de acúmulo de compostos fenólicos. Amostras foliares de nove espécies selecionadas foram submetidas à quantificação de alumínio. Para estudo anatômico, os fragmentos foram fixados em FAA50 e seccionados transversalmente, sem e com inclusão em metacrilato. Os cortes foram submetidos aos reagentes para detecção de alumínio e compostos fenólicos. Entre as espécies estudadas, Miconia albicans, Palicourea rigida, Qualea grandiflora, Salvertia convallariodora e Symplocos nitens podem ser consideradas acumuladoras de alumínio, sendo notada variação no teor do elemento de 1 292,0 a 4 852,4 mg.kg-1. No entanto, não há relação entre o teor de alumínio e a intensidade da reação conferida pelos reagentes, bem como do número de sítios evidenciados. As paredes pecto-celulósicas e os cloroplastos são os principais sítios de acúmulo. Além de mais eficazes, a hematoxilina, o chrome azurol S e o pirocatecol violeta fornecem resultados mais homogêneos, sendo mais indicados para uso. A inclusão em metacrilato não prejudicou a histolocalização do alumínio. Das espécies acumuladoras de alumínio, somente P. rigida não possui compostos fenólicos. Nas demais espécies, os sítios de acúmulo de compostos fenólicos diferem dos do alumínio, sugerindo a não complexação entre essas substâncias nas espécies estudadas.Histolocalization techniques are important tools for understanding the accumulation strategies of aluminum in plant species occurring in acid soils, a common condition in Cerrado. The objective of this work was to identify the presence of this strategy in Cerrado species, detect and quantify the sites of accumulation, testing the effectiveness of five reagents (aluminon, azurine, chrome azurol S, hematoxylin and pyrocatechol violet) and two processing techniques (without inclusion and with inclusion in methacrylate), and to evaluate the presence of aluminum at the site of accumulation of phenolic compounds. Leaf samples of nine selected species were subjected to quantification of aluminum. For anatomical study, the fragments were fixed in FAA50 and sectioned, with and without inclusion in methacrylate. The sections were submitted to reagents for detection of aluminum and phenolic compounds. Among the studied species Miconia albicans, Palicourea rigida, Qualea grandiflora, Symplocos nitens and Salvertia convallariodora can be considered as aluminum-accumulating species, with a variation in the content of the element from 1 292.0 to 4 852.4 mg.kg-1. However, there is no relation between the content of aluminum and the intensity of the response afforded by the reagents and the number of sites shown. The pectin-cellulosic walls and chloroplasts are the main sites of accumulation. Besides being more effective, hematoxylin, chrome azurol S and pyrocatechol violet provides more homogeneous results, being more suitable for use. The inclusion in methacrylate did not harm aluminum histolocalization. Among aluminum- accumulating species, only P. rigida does not present any phenolic compounds. In the other species, the sites of accumulation of phenolic compounds differ from those of aluminum, not suggesting the complexation of these substances in the studied species.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológic

Comprimento da estaca no desenvolvimento de mudas de alecrim-pimenta Effect of cutting length on the development of pepper-rosmarin seedlings

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência do comprimento de estacas caulinares no desenvolvimento de mudas de alecrim-pimenta (Lippia sidoides Cham.). As estacas foram coletadas de plantas matrizes do Horto Medicinal do Instituto de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, em Montes Claros, Minas Gerais. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação com nebulização intermitente. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições. Os tratamentos foram definidos pelos intervalos de comprimento das estacas (5 a 8cm, 8,1 a 11cm, 11,1 a 14cm e 14,1 a 17cm). Foram avaliados o número de raízes principais, o comprimento da maior raiz (cm), o número de brotações, a porcentagem de enraizamento, a avaliação visual do enraizamento e a fitomassa seca das brotações e das raízes (g). Os resultados indicam que o comprimento das estacas afeta o desenvolvimento de mudas de alecrim-pimenta, especialmente a fitomassa seca das brotações e das raízes. As estacas com 14,1 a 17cm apresentaram a maior porcentagem de enraizamento e as maiores médias para as outras variáveis analisadas, sendo, portanto, mais recomendadas para a propagação vegetativa de alecrim-pimenta.<br>This research aimed to evaluate the effect of shoot cutting length on the development of pepper-rosmarin seedlings (Lippia sidoides Cham.). The cuttings were obtained from stock plants of the medicinal vegetable garden of Instituto de Ciências Agrárias/UFMG, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The experiment was conducted in greenhouse conditions with intermittent mist. The experimental design was totally randomized with four treatments consisted of different size intervals (5 to 8cm, 8.1 to 11cm, 11.1 to 14cm and 14.1 to 17cm), with five replications each. The amount of shooting and root, the shooting and root dry weight (g), the the longest root length (cm), the visual rooting evaluation and the rooting percentage were analysed. The results indicated that cutting length affects the development of pepper-rosmarin seedlings, especially shooting and root dry weight. The cuttings with 14.1 until 17cm presented the highest percentage of rooting and the largest average of the other variables, being the most recommended to be used in the propagation of pepper-rosmarin

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data