Global online trade in primates for pets

The trade in primates as pets is a global enterprise and as access to the Internet has increased, so too has the trade of live primates online. While quantifying primate trade in physical markets is relatively straightforward, limited insights have been made into trade via the Internet. Here we followed a three-pronged approach to estimate the prevalence and ease of purchasing primates online in countries with different socioeconomic characteristics. We first conducted a literature review, in which we found that Malaysia, Thailand, the USA, Ukraine, South Africa, and Russia stood out in terms of the number of primate individuals being offered for sale as pets in the online trade. Then, we assessed the perceived ease of purchasing pet primates online in 77 countries, for which we found a positive relationship with the Internet Penetration Rate, total human population and Human Development Index, but not to Gross Domestic Product per capita or corruption levels of the countries. Using these results, we then predicted the levels of online primate trade in countries for which we did not have first-hand data. From this we created a global map of potential prevalence of primate trade online. Finally, we analysed price data of the two primate taxa most consistently offered for sale, marmosets and capuchins. We found that prices increased with the ease of purchasing primates online and the Gross Domestic Product per capita. This overview provides insight into the nature and intricacies of the online primate pet trade and advocates for increased trade regulation and monitoring in both primate range and non-range countries where trade has been substantially reported. © 2023 The Author

Tarnished: The Toxic Potential of Silver Nanoparticles

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-12Recent technological developments have employed the use of a wide array of nano-scaled materials referred to generally as engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are ENMs that are nano-sized particles of silver. Silver has also long been noted for its antimicrobial properties, however recent advances in the ability to synthesize AgNPs have led to a surge of use in consumer and commercial products. Applications of AgNPs range from use in clothing, food storage, pacifiers, toys, washing machines, cooking tools, personal care products, cleaning products, and paints. While AgNPs are integrated into these products, usage and time, or even their own functional design may cause the release of silver nanoparticles from the products and may result in human and environmental exposure to silver and silver nanoparticles. The goal of my dissertation work was to add to the growing body of literature to assess potential risks to human health from exposure to AgNPs. In this work, we assessed potential health risks to workers exposed to AgNPs using literature on AgNP toxicity and exposure in the workplace. We use these data to model and analyze dose response and critical effects and characterize the potential risk to workers and suggest an occupational exposure limit (OEL) to protect workers from adverse health effects. We found that the liver is the most sensitive target organ to AgNPs, and that exposures in the workplace may exceed the level determined to prevent adverse liver effects. Next, we investigated the potential for AgNPs to affect potentially sensitive populations by disrupting neurodevelopment using a three dimensional organotypic mouse midbrain in vitro model. We found that developing neural cultures are adversely affected by AgNP exposure and that developmental stage at the time of exposure significantly affects the extent of toxicity. We found developing neural cultures were more sensitive to smaller AgNPs and we observed no significant difference between AgNPs with different coatings. We also found evidence that the toxicity observed may have resulted from uptake and association of AgNPs with cell cultures, rather than through dissolution of particles in culture medium. Finally, we show how in vitro studies of inorganic ENMs can be applied to risk assessment to inform potential susceptibility such as age or genetic susceptibility using a case study of cadmium-containing quantum dot ENMs with applications for AgNP risk assessment

Use of Specific IgE and Skin Prick Test to Determine Clinical Reaction Severity

Aims: To determine whether specific IgE and skin prick test correlate better in predicting reaction severity during a double-blinded placebo controlled food challenge (DBPCFC) for egg, milk, and multiple tree nut allergens. Study design: Prospective study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, August 2009 and ongoing. Methodology: We examined the reaction severity of twenty-four subjects to nine possible food allergens: milk, egg, almond, cashew, hazelnut, peanut, sesame, pecan and walnut. Specific IgE and SPT were performed before each DBPCFC. DBPCFC results were classified into mild (1), moderate (2), or severe (3) reactions using a modified Bock’s criteria. Results: Twenty four subjects underwent a total of 80 DBPCFC. Eighty percent of all DBPCFCs resulted in a positive reaction. A majority, 71%, were classified as mild. No reactions occurred with a SPT of zero mm while three reactions occurred with a negative specific IgE. All reactions were reversible with medication. Conclusion: These data suggest that SPT and specific IgE levels are not associated with reaction severity (p 5mm had a sensitivity of 91% and specificity of 50%. Combining SPT > 5mm and IgE > 7 resulted in a reduced sensitivity of 64%. Unexpectedly, a history of anaphylaxis 70% (n=17) was not predictive of anaphylaxis on challenge 4% (n=2)

Occupational exposure limit for silver nanoparticles: considerations on the derivation of a general health-based value

<p>With the increased production and widespread commercial use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), human and environmental exposures to silver nanoparticles are inevitably increasing. In particular, persons manufacturing and handling silver nanoparticles and silver nanoparticle containing products are at risk of exposure, potentially resulting in health hazards. While silver dusts, consisting of micro-sized particles and soluble compounds have established occupational exposure limits (OELs), silver nanoparticles exhibit different physicochemical properties from bulk materials. Therefore, we assessed silver nanoparticle exposure and related health hazards in order to determine whether an additional OEL may be needed. Dosimetric evaluations in our study identified the liver as the most sensitive target organ following inhalation exposure, and as such serves as the critical target organ for setting an occupational exposure standard for airborne silver nanoparticles. This study proposes an OEL of 0.19 μg/m³ for silver nanoparticles derived from benchmark concentrations (BMCs) from subchronic rat inhalation toxicity assessments and the human equivalent concentration (HEC) with kinetic considerations and additional uncertainty factors. It is anticipated that this level will protect workers from potential health hazards, including lung, liver, and skin damage.</p

Global online trade in primates for pets

The trade in primates as pets is a global enterprise and as access to the Internet has increased, so too has the trade of live primates online. While quantifying primate trade in physical markets is relatively straightforward, limited insights have been made into trade via the Internet. Here we followed a three-pronged approach to estimate the prevalence and ease of purchasing primates online in countries with different socioeconomic characteristics. We first conducted a literature review, in which we found that Malaysia, Thailand, the USA, Ukraine, South Africa, and Russia stood out in terms of the number of primate individuals being offered for sale as pets in the online trade. Then, we assessed the perceived ease of purchasing pet primates online in 77 countries, for which we found a positive relationship with the Internet Penetration Rate, total human population and Human Development Index, but not to Gross Domestic Product per capita or corruption levels of the countries. Using these results, we then predicted the levels of online primate trade in countries for which we did not have first-hand data. From this we created a global map of prevalence of primate trade online. Finally, we analysed price data of the two primate taxa most consistently offered for sale, marmosets and capuchins. We found that prices increased with the ease of purchasing primates online and the Gross Domestic Product per capita. This overview provides insight into the nature and intricacies of the online primate pet trade and advocates for increased trade regulation and monitoring in both primate range and non-range countries where trade has been substantially reported

Global online trade in primates for pets

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