660 research outputs found
Polarization insensitivity of AlGaAs/GaAs interdiffused quantum wells
Modeling is used to show that interdiffusion can generate a polarization independent parabolic-like quantum well. Criteria to achieve the parabolic-like quantum wells by interdiffusion are discussed. The results indicated that interdiffused quantum wells can produce equal eigen-state spacing, polarization insensitive Stark shift and modulation characteristics similar to an ideal parabolic quantum well. The design process to obtain polarization insensitive ON- and OFF- states in the parabolic-like interdiffused quantum wells is discussed. The predicted modulation depth is comparable to those measured using parabolic quantum wells. The diffused quantum wells have the advantage of using an as-grown rectangular quantum well with post-growth annealing to tailor its confinement profile. These features suggest that the interdiffused quantum well structure can be use to produce polarization insensitive electro-absorptive modulation.published_or_final_versio
Interdiffusion contributions in optimized surface-acoustic-wave quantum-well modulators
The electro-absorption of AlGaAs/GaAs diffused quantum well (DFQW) modulator using surface acoustic wave (SAW) QW interactions was studied theoretically. The modulator was also optimized through the use of both the steeper potential at the device surface for modulation and a long λSAW and a low power SAW. The non-uniform feature of the SAW induced potential was also taken into account in optimizing the device structure. Interdiffusion took place into the W stack to modify modulation performance so that λop and the optical properties of the optimized structure can be further modified. The modulation efficiency of an incident optical field depended on the guiding properties in the QW active region.published_or_final_versio
The ACS LCID project IV: detection of the RGB bump in isolated galaxies of the Local Group
We report the detection and analysis of the red giant branch luminosity
function bump in a sample of isolated dwarf galaxies in the Local Group. We
have designed a new analysis approach comparing the observed color-magnitude
diagrams with theoretical best-fit color-magnitude diagrams derived from
precise estimates of the star formation histories of each galaxy. This analysis
is based on studying the difference between the V-magnitude of the RGB bump and
the horizontal branch at the level of the RR Lyrae instability strip
(Delta_vhbb) and we discuss here a technique for reliably measuring this
quantity in complex stellar systems. By using this approach, we find that the
difference between the observed and predicted values of Delta_vhbb is +0.13 +/-
0.14 mag. This is smaller, by about a factor of two, than the well-known
discrepancy between theory and observation at low metallicity commonly derived
for Galactic globular clusters. This result is confirmed by a comparison
between the adopted theoretical framework and empirical estimates of the
Delta_vhbb parameter for both a large database of Galactic globular clusters
and for four other dSph galaxies for which this estimate is available in the
literature. We also investigate the strength of the red giant branch bump
feature (R_bump), and find very good agreement between the observed and
theoretically predicted R_bump values. This agreement supports the reliability
of the evolutionary lifetimes predicted by theoretical models of the evolution
of low-mass stars.Comment: Accepted for publication on Ap
The effect of age and font size on reading text on handheld computers
Though there have been many studies of computer based text reading, only a few have considered the small screens of handheld computers. This paper presents an investigation into the effect of varying font size between 2 and 16 point on reading text on a handheld computer. By using both older and younger participants the possible effects of age were examined. Reading speed and accuracy were measured and subjective views of participants recorded. Objective results showed that there was little difference in reading performance above 6 point, but subjective comments from participants showed a preference for sizes in the middle range. We therefore suggest, for reading tasks, that designers of interfaces for mobile computers provide fonts in the range of 8-12 point to maximize readability for the widest range of users
Methylmercury Contamination of Laboratory Animal Diets
In the midst of research focusing on the neurodevelopmental effects of mercury vapor in rats, we detected significant levels of mercury (30â60 ng/g) in the blood of nonexposed control subjects. We determined that the dominant form of the mercury was organic and that the standard laboratory chow we used in our vivarium was the source of the contamination. The dietary levels were deemed of potential biologic significance, even though they might have fallen below the limits of measurement specified by the supplier. All investigators employing animals in research must assess such potential contamination because dietary agents may alter a) conclusions based on intentionally administered doses, b) outcomes by interacting with other agents that are the primary focus of the research, and c) outcomes of research unrelated to the toxic effects of experimentally administered agents
Using a model of group psychotherapy to support social research on sensitive topics
This article describes the exploratory use of professional therapeutic support by social researchers working on a sensitive topic. Talking to recently bereaved parents about the financial implications of their child's death was expected to be demanding work, and the research design included access to an independent psychotherapeutic service. Using this kind of professional support is rare within the general social research community, and it is useful to reflect on the process. There are likely to be implications for collection and interpretation of data, research output and the role and experience of the therapist. Here, the primary focus is the potential impact on researcher well-being
Measurement of the electron cloud properties by means of a multi-strip detector in the CERN SPS
Electron cloud effects presently limit the performances of the CERN SPS with LHC type beams [1] and are of concern for the LHC itself [2]. Electron multipacting in the SPS produces dramatic dynamic pressure increases and strong transverse instabilities [3]. In the LHC the electron cloud is expected to significantly increase the heat load in the cryogenics system. Estimates of these effects are based on computer simulations of the electron cloud build-up and of its spatial distribution in field free regions and in strong magnetic fields. The accuracy of such simulations is therefore a key issue for component design and for the definition of the operating strategies for the LHC. In 2001 a multi-strip detector has been installed in the SPS to study the electron cloud and to provide experimental data to validate the models and to better constrain their input parameters. After a description of the monitor characteristics and of its associated electronics an overview of its performance and of the results of the measurements conducted with different proton beam parameters are presented. The measurements are compared with simulation results. Possible monitor upgrades are also discussed
Prototyping of automotive components with variable width and depth
Roll forming enables the manufacturing of longitudinal components from materials that combine high strength with limited formability and is increasingly used in the automotive industry for the manufacture of structural and crash components. An extension of conventional roll forming is the Flexible Roll Forming (FRF) process where the rolls are no longer fixed in space but are free to move which enables the forming of components with variable cross section over the length of the part. Even though FRF components have high weight saving potential the technology has found only limited application in the automotive industry. A new flexible forming facility has recently been developed that enables proof of concept studies and the production of FRF prototypes before a full FRF line is built; this may lead to a wider uptake of the FRF technology in the automotive industry. In this process, the pre-cut blank is placed between two clamps and the whole set up moves back and forth; a forming roll that is mounted on a servo-controlled platform with six degrees of freedom forms the pre-cut blank to the desired shape. In this study an initial forming concept for the flexible roll forming of an automotive component with variable height is developed using COPRA® FEA RF. This is followed by performing experimental prototyping studies on the new concept forming facility. Using the optical strain measurement system Autogrid Compact, material deformation, part shape and wrinkling severity are analysed for some forming passes and compared with the numerical results. The results show that the numerical model gives a good representation of material behaviour and that with increasing forming severity wrinkling issues need to be overcome in the process
Networks of gravitational wave detectors and three figures of merit
This paper develops a general framework for studying the effectiveness of
networks of interferometric gravitational wave detectors and then uses it to
show that enlarging the existing LIGO-VIRGO network with one or more planned or
proposed detectors in Japan (LCGT), Australia, and India brings major benefits,
including much larger detection rate increases than previously thought... I
show that there is a universal probability distribution function (pdf) for
detected SNR values, which implies that the most likely SNR value of the first
detected event will be 1.26 times the search threshold. For binary systems, I
also derive the universal pdf for detected values of the orbital inclination,
taking into account the Malmquist bias; this implies that the number of
gamma-ray bursts associated with detected binary coalescences should be 3.4
times larger than expected from just the beaming fraction of the gamma burst.
Using network antenna patterns, I propose three figures of merit that
characterize the relative performance of different networks... Adding {\em any}
new site to the planned LIGO-VIRGO network can dramatically increase, by
factors of 2 to 4, the detected event rate by allowing coherent data analysis
to reduce the spurious instrumental coincident background. Moving one of the
LIGO detectors to Australia additionally improves direction-finding by a factor
of 4 or more. Adding LCGT to the original LIGO-VIRGO network not only improves
direction-finding but will further increase the detection rate over the
extra-site gain by factors of almost 2, partly by improving the network duty
cycle... Enlarged advanced networks could look forward to detecting three to
four hundred neutron star binary coalescences per year.Comment: 38 pages, 7 figures, 2 tables. Accepted for publication in Classical
and Quantum Gravit
Particles and fields in fluid turbulence
The understanding of fluid turbulence has considerably progressed in recent
years. The application of the methods of statistical mechanics to the
description of the motion of fluid particles, i.e. to the Lagrangian dynamics,
has led to a new quantitative theory of intermittency in turbulent transport.
The first analytical description of anomalous scaling laws in turbulence has
been obtained. The underlying physical mechanism reveals the role of
statistical integrals of motion in non-equilibrium systems. For turbulent
transport, the statistical conservation laws are hidden in the evolution of
groups of fluid particles and arise from the competition between the expansion
of a group and the change of its geometry. By breaking the scale-invariance
symmetry, the statistically conserved quantities lead to the observed anomalous
scaling of transported fields. Lagrangian methods also shed new light on some
practical issues, such as mixing and turbulent magnetic dynamo.Comment: 165 pages, review article for Rev. Mod. Phy
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