Glomus intraradices (N.C. Schenck & G.S. Sm.) C. Walker & A. Schuessle enhances nutrients uptake, chlorophyll and essential oil contents and composition in Anethum graveolens L.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are plant-root symbionts whose application in agriculture has been proven its efficiency. However, their application in medicinal plants and their impact on accumulation of essential oils (EO) is still limited. In order to investigate the effect of AM fungi (Glomus intraradices N.C. Schenck &amp; G.S. Sm.) C. Walker &amp; A. Schuessle) on nutrients uptake, biomass production, yield components, chlorophyll content, and EO content and composition in dill (Anethum graveolens L.), a field experiment was conducted as randomized complete block design with three replications. This medicinal plant was grown under AM fungi colonization and non-colonization treatments. Plant inoculation by mycorrhiza increased aerial tissues P and Fe concentrations. However, K, Ca, and Zn concentrations were not affected by AM colonization. The plants inoculated with AM significantly increased plant biomass, chlorophyll content, and EO content by 363 g m−2, 11.83 SPAD and 0.683 % in comparison with non-inoculated plants, respectively. Changes in EO composition were found in AM-colonized dill plants. The contents of myristicin, dill-ether and N-dihydrocarvone increased in EO obtained from AM-colonized plants, while AM colonization resulted in a lesser content of α-pinene, α-phellandrene, limonene, and β-phellandrene.</p

Improving seed germination and physiological characteristics of maize seedlings under osmotic stress through potassium nano-silicate treatment

IntroductionOsmotic stress can significantly affect the survival and functioning of living organisms, particularly during vulnerable stages such as seed germination and seedling growth. To address this issue, advanced technologies like nanofertilizers have been developed to improve soil conditions and enhance plant growth in stressed ecosystems due to their multiple effects and efficient consumption.MethodsThe objective of this study was to investigate the impact of potassium nano-silicate (PNS) on the physiological characteristics of maize seedlings and seed germination under various levels of osmotic stress induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG). The study considered two factors: two levels of PNS concentration (500 and 1000 ppm) and PEG-6000 solution with different osmotic stress levels (-2, -4, -6, and -8 bars).Results and discussionThe results demonstrated that the application of PNS at a concentration of 1000 ppm led to increased radicle length and hypocotyl length as well as fresh weight of maize seedlings. Furthermore, PNS at a concentration of 1000 ppm had a more beneficial effect on the germination rate of maize seedlings under osmotic stress compared to 500 ppm. Additionally, the application of PNS under osmotic stress conditions resulted in an increase in various physiological parameters, including protein content, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll content, proline content, and the activity of catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (AXPO) enzymes. These findings indicate that the use of PNS can have a positive impact on the physiological characteristics of maize seedlings and seed germination under osmotic stress conditions. Overall, this technology has the potential to enhance crop growth and yield in stressed ecosystems. By improving the survival and function of plants during vulnerable stages, such as seed germination and seedling growth, the application of PNS can contribute to more resilient agricultural practices and promote sustainable food production in challenging environments

The elusive role of soil quality in nutrient cycling: a review

peer-reviewedCycling of nutrients, including nitrogen and phosphorus, is one of the ecosystem services we expect agricultural soils to deliver. Nutrient cycling incorporates the reuse of agricultural, industrial and municipal organic residues that, misleadingly, are often referred to as ‘wastes’. The present review disentangles the processes underlying the cycling of nutrients to better understand which soil properties determine the performance of that function. Four processes are identified (i) the capacity to receive nutrients, (ii) the capacity to make and keep nutrients available to crops, (iii) the capacity to support the uptake of nutrients by crops and (iv) the capacity to support their successful removal in harvested crop. Soil properties matter but it is imperative that, as constituents of ‘soil quality’, they should be evaluated in the context of management options and climate and not as ends in their own right. The effect of a soil property may vary depending on the prevailing climatic and hydrologic conditions and on other soil properties. We recognize that individual soil properties may be enhancing one of the processes underlying the cycling of nutrients but simultaneously weakening others. Competing demands on soil properties are even more obvious when considering other soil functions such as primary production, purification and flow regulation of water, climate modification and habitat provision, as shown by examples. Consequently, evaluations of soil properties and management actions need to be site-specific, taking account of local aspects of their suitability and potential challenges.Horizon 202

Response surface method in the optimization of a rotary pan-equipped process for increased efficiency of slow-release coated urea

The high solubility of urea in water and its consequent leaching into the soil adversely prevents its full assimilation by plants. An improved slow-release process could effectively minimise the loss of fertilizer material and thus mitigate the associated environmental pollution. In this study, the effects of the operational variables on the efficiency of the urea coating process in a rotary pan have been systematically analysed. A mixture of gypsum-sulphur was used as the coating material with refined water as a binder. In order to comprehensively investigate the impact of each process variable on the efficiency and any potential interactions between them, the effects of particle size, coating material percentage, rotational speed of the pan, spray flow rate and the amount of sprayed water were investigated and analysed via a central composite design of experiments (DoE). The second-order polynomial model provided the best correlation for the experimental data. The predictive model was then used to estimate the efficiency of the coated urea as a function of the statistically-significant variables. The results revealed an increase in the efficiency of the coated urea from 22% to 35% (i.e., ~59%) when prepared under the optimum process conditions

Salicylic Acid Stimulates Defense Systems in Allium hirtifolium Grown under Water Deficit Stress

Nowadays, the use of the growth regulator salicylic acid for improving a plant’s resistance to environmental stresses such as drought is increasing. The present study investigated the effect of salicylic acid on the physiological traits, antioxidant enzymes, yield, and quality of Allium hirtifolium (shallots) under drought conditions for three years (2016–2017, 2017–2018, and 2018–2019). The experiment was conducted as a split-plot based on a randomized complete block design with four repeats. Irrigation as the main factor in four levels of 100% (full irrigation), 75% and 50% of the plant water requirements with non-irrigation (dryland), and salicylic acid as the sub-factor in four levels of 0, 0.75, and 1 mmol, were the studied factors in this research. The combined analysis of three-year data showed that drought reduced leaf relative water content (RWC), membrane stability index (MSI), chlorophyll content, onion yield, and increased activity of antioxidant enzymes, proline content, tang, and allicin of shallots. Shallot spraying with salicylic acid improved leaf RWC, MSI, chlorophyll content, and onion yield. The highest yield of onion (1427 gr m−2 ) belonged to full irrigation and foliar application of 1 mmol salicylic acid. The lowest yield (419.8 gr m−2 ) belonged to plats with non-irrigation and non-application of salicylic acid. By improving the effective physiological traits in resistance to water deficit, salicylic acid adjusted the effects of water deficit on the yield of shallots. Foliar application of 1 mmol salicylic acid in dryland and irrigation of 50% of the plant water requirement increased onion yield by 15.12% and 29.39%, respectively, compared to the control treatment without salicylic acid

Response of maize (Zea mays L.) to potassium nano-silica application under drought stress

To investigate the influence of potassium nano-silica (PNS) on maize plant under drought stress including non-stress (NS), moderate drought stress (MDS) and severe drought stress (SDS), a factorial experiment was conducted with completely randomized blocks with three replications. Drought stress decreased the concentrations in the shoot of phosphor (P), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn) and silica (Si) and nitrogen (N), P, Ca, Fe, Zn, copper (Cu), Mn and Si concentrations of seed. There was an increase in the concentration in the N seed and shoot potassium (K) concentration under drought stress. It was observed that applying PNS increased nutrient absorption. The highest concentration of N in the seed was obtained at 100 ppm PNS. The highest concentrations of seed K and N, Cu, Mn and Si in the shoot were found when 200 ppm of PNS was applied. Applying PNS had no significant effect on the concentrations of P, Ca, sodium (Na) and Cu in the seed, and of Ca and Na in the shoot. These findings demonstrate that the application of PNS can limit the negative effects of drought stress and improve plant’s resistance against drought stress.</p

Nano silver-encapsulation of Thymus daenensis and Anethum graveolens essential oils enhances antifungal potential against strawberry anthracnose

Nanotechnology is an eco-friendly strategy in managing plant diseases. In combination with existing practices nanotechnology can enhance the protection of agricultural products and food. For example, essential oils (EOs) of thyme (Thymus daenensis L.) and dill (Anethum graveolens L.) have an antimicrobial potential and this potential may be enhanced by certain nanoparticle systems. Here we demonstrate that encapsulating EOs of thyme and dill in silver nanoparticles increases their fungicidal activity against Colletotrichum nymphaeae, causing anthracnose in many horticultural crops. Using GC-MS analysis, we identified p-cymene, thymol, carvacrol and (E)-caryophyllene as the main EOs of thyme and limonene, cis-dihydrocarvone, cyclohexanon, and carvone as the main EOs of dill. When the EOs of the two sources were encapsulated in silver nanoparticles, synergistic effects against C. nymphaeae were observed, resulting in more than 80% inhibition of mycelium growth of C. nymphaeae. Moreover, conidia germination was suppressed by nano-encapsulated EOs. We also observed considerable morphological changes in the fungal hyphae when nano-encapsulated EOs were applied. Our study demonstrates the potential of encapsulated EOs in controlling pathogens that can be very applicable as antifungal agents.</p

Funneliformis mosseae root colonization affects Anethum graveolens essential oil composition and its efficacy against Colletotrichum nymphaeae

Essential oils have been widely used against a range of plant pathogens due to their antimicrobial effects. Mycorrhization of aromatic plants can enhance the concentration of essential oil components obtained from these plants. This study evaluated the effect of essential oils obtained from dill (Anethum graveolens), inoculated with Funneliformis mosseae, against Colletotrichum nymphaeae, the causal agent of strawberry anthracnose. Dill plants were inoculated with F. mosseae under field conditions, essential oils were extracted from the seeds of inoculated and non-inoculated dill and chemical analysis of their composition was carried out. The efficacy of non-inoculated and inoculated essential oil against C. nymphaeae was evaluated through in vitro experiments. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed that constituents were the same in essential oils extracted from seeds of inoculated and non-inoculated dill plants, however several components increased significantly with inoculated as compared with non inoculated treatments particularly known antimicrobial compounds including limonene and carvone. Essential oil from inoculated plants inhibited mycelium growth (contact and volatile phases) and conidia germination of C. nymphaeae more efficiently than oil from non-inoculated plants. Essential oil from both inoculated and non-inoculated dill plants affected the morphology in a similar manner and deterioration in the morphology was more evident when higher concentrations (500 and 1000 mg/L) were applied. The increase in antimicrobial efficacy due to F. mosseae may have a positive impact on the further development of dill essential oils for plant protection against diseases. This is the first evidence of a positive effect of F. mosseae colonization of dill on the antimicrobial activity of its essential oil against C. nymphaeae