Tabulation and summary of thermodynamic effects data for developed cavitation on ogive-nosed bodies

Thermodynamic effects data for developed cavitation on zero and quarter caliber ogives in Freon 113 and water are tabulated and summarized. These data include temperature depression (delta T), flow coefficient (C sub Q), and various geometrical characteristics of the cavity. For the delta T tests, the free-stream temperature varied from 35 C to 95 C in Freon 113 and from 60 C to 125 C in water for a velocity range of 19.5 m/sec to 36.6 m/sec. Two correlations of the delta T data by the entrainment method are presented. These correlations involve different combinations of the Nusselt, Reynolds, Froude, Weber, and Peclet numbers and dimensionless cavity length

Correlations by the entrainment theory of thermodynamic effects for developed cavitation in venturis and comparisons with ogive data

A semi-empirical entrainment theory was employed to correlate the measured temperature depression, Delta T, in a developed cavity for a venturi. This theory correlates Delta t in terms of the dimensionless numbers of Nusselt, Reynolds, Froude, Weber and Peclet, and dimensionless cavity length, L/D. These correlations are then compared with similar correlations for zero and quarter caliber ogives. In addition, cavitation number data for both limited and developed cavitation in venturis are presented

A Survey of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in the Outer Hebrides

The soci-economic evolution of the Outer Hebrides shows that the inhabitants have lead an isolated existence since the Viking invasions. As far as tuberculosis is concerned there is no mention of it appearing in these islands up to about 1850 A.D. and thereafter it assumed a disease of major proportions. The first cases of tuberculosis arriving here were patients who contracted the disease in the mainland cities and because of an absent inherent resistance and the poor hygenic circumstances of the homes, tuberculosis soon assumed epidemic proportions affecting whole families. The present finding is still that a high proportion of cases develop in Hebrideans who leave the Islands to work in the cities. The statistics of Tuberculosis in the Outer Isles is discussed and these show a high notification rate with the age incidence of the two sexes being similar. The death rate from tuberculosis is high but is diminishing. Percentage infection rates suggest that in the rural parts the majority of children leaving school are Mantoux negative. A survey of the unrevised notified register in 1951 was carried out and of the 537 patients notified as suffering from pulmonary tuberculosis an evaluation of the extent and type of the disease was made. It was found that males predominate 58% - 42% (females). A review of the lesions grouped according to initial extent and showing the further course and treatment provides the material on which the form of tuberculosis in this locality is given. 68 patients showing extension of the disease visible radiologically are discussed and the commonest age at which this occurs is between 15 - 35 years with a predominance of females under 25 years and of males above that age. The spread of the disease is noted to occur as frequently as 2 years and over from the date of notification as before that period. The predominant form of the extension is a bronchogenic spread and the indications are that the disease conforms to the expected trend for Western Europe. 60 cases of minimal extent and probable activity show that the progression rate of the is land-treated case is no higher than that of similar white population reviews. The results of 108 A.P.s show that only 13 appeared uncomplicated and that just over 50% could not be continued for 2 years. The success of pneumothorax in relationship to the extent of the initial disease is discussed and the results show it to be unfavourable in disease of more than two zones. 88 patients have received treatment in the form of phrenic nerve crush and pneumoperitoneum of these 47% did not benefit from the therapy and improvement was most marked in lesions limited to two zones and less. The similarity in the evolution of tuberculosis locally with that observed in isolated districts of Norway and Sweden is examined and the decrease noted after four or five generations in Sweden leads to the expectation that tuberculosis in the Outer Hebrides should now be on the wane. B.G.G. as a measure to diminish the incidence of tuberculosis in young adults is considered and an extension of its use recommended together with further measures calculated to reduce the disease incidence rates

The Glasgow outcome at discharge scale: an inpatient assessment of disability after brain injury

This study assesses the validity and reliability of the Glasgow Outcome at Discharge Scale (GODS), which is a tool that is designed to assess disability after brain injury in an inpatient setting. It is derived from the Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended (GOS-E), which assesses disability in the community after brain injury. Inter-rater reliability on the GODS is high (quadratic-weighted kappa 0.982; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.968, 0.996) as is concurrent validity with the Disability Rating Scale (DRS) (Spearman correlation −0.728; 95% CI −0.819, −0.601). The GODS is significantly associated with physical and fatigue subscales of the short form (SF)-36 in hospital. In terms of predictive validity the GODS is highly associated with the GOS-E after discharge (Spearman correlation 0.512; 95% CI 0.281, 0.687), with the DRS, and with physical, fatigue, and social subscales of the SF-36. The GODS is recommended as an assessment tool for disability after brain injury pre-discharge and can be used in conjunction with the GOS-E to monitor disability between hospital and the community

Behavioral Phenotyping of Juvenile Long-Evans and Sprague-Dawley Rats: Implications for Preclinical Models of Autism Spectrum Disorders.

The laboratory rat is emerging as an attractive preclinical animal model of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), allowing investigators to explore genetic, environmental and pharmacological manipulations in a species exhibiting complex, reciprocal social behavior. The present study was carried out to compare two commonly used strains of laboratory rats, Sprague-Dawley (SD) and Long-Evans (LE), between the ages of postnatal day (PND) 26-56 using high-throughput behavioral phenotyping tools commonly used in mouse models of ASD that we have adapted for use in rats. We detected few differences between young SD and LE strains on standard assays of exploration, sensorimotor gating, anxiety, repetitive behaviors, and learning. Both SD and LE strains also demonstrated sociability in the 3-chamber social approach test as indexed by spending more time in the social chamber with a constrained age/strain/sex matched novel partner than in an identical chamber without a partner. Pronounced differences between the two strains were, however, detected when the rats were allowed to freely interact with a novel partner in the social dyad paradigm. The SD rats in this particular testing paradigm engaged in play more frequently and for longer durations than the LE rats at both juvenile and young adult developmental time points. Results from this study that are particularly relevant for developing preclinical ASD models in rats are threefold: (i) commonly utilized strains exhibit unique patterns of social interactions, including strain-specific play behaviors, (ii) the testing environment may profoundly influence the expression of strain-specific social behavior and (iii) simple, automated measures of sociability may not capture the complexities of rat social interactions

Results from the third Scottish National Prevalence Survey: is a population health approach now needed to prevent healthcare-associated infections?

Summary Background Healthcare associated infections (HAI) are a major public health concern and a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. A robust and current evidence base that is specific to local, national and Europe-wide settings is necessary to inform the development of strategies to reduce HAI and contain antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Aim To measure the prevalence of HAI and antimicrobial prescribing and identify key priority areas for interventions to reduce the burden of infection. Methods A national rolling PPS in National Health Service (NHS) acute, NHS non-acute, NHS paediatric and independent hospitals was carried out between September and November 2016 using the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control protocol designed for the European PPS. Findings The prevalence of HAI was 4.6%, 2.7% and 3.2% in acute adults, paediatric and non-acute patient groups, respectively. The most common HAI types reported in adult patients were urinary tract infection and pneumonia. The prevalence of antimicrobial prescribing was 35.7%, 29.3% and 13.8% in acute adults, paediatric and non-acute patient groups, respectively. Respiratory, skin and soft tissue, gastrointestinal and urinary tract infections were the most common infections being treated at the time of survey. Conclusion HAI continues to be a public health concern in Scotland. UTI and pneumonia continue to place a significant burden on patients and on healthcare delivery, including those that develop in the community and require hospital admission. A broader population health approach which focuses on reducing the risk of infection upstream would reduce these infections in both community and hospital settings