4,861 research outputs found
Four countries' experiences of universal health coverage implementation: lessons for the future
AbstractBackgroundThe WHO defines universal health coverage (UHC) as access for all people to the health services they need (prevention, promotion, treatment, and rehabilitation) without financial hardship. But UHC implementation is a daunting undertaking for many countries. To commit to UHC, countries and their leaders must address questions such as: can the country afford it? What services should be provided and who should have access to them? Who should be responsible for managing insurance? And how can providers project demand and ensure adequate supply of services? Health ministers, who often serve only short terms, must address these questions about UHC, while also managing policy and services for many other health issues. We undertook case studies of four countries' experiences in implementing UHCâThailand, Ghana, Vietnam, and Rwanda to help inform health ministers from countries still working towards the goal of UHC.MethodsWe used published information and conducted interviews with leaders from Thailand, Ghana, Vietnam, and Rwanda. We asked questions about how UHC was funded (including the package of services and population covered, with attention to the values informing these choices); the political process accompanying implementation; the sustainability of the programme; and the outcomes achieved so far in terms of measurable health benefits. We compiled each country's experience in case studies and exhibits.FindingsTeaching cases were used for a Ministerial Leadership in Health forum held at the Harvard School of Public Health and will be published as part of an open-access case collection in global health delivery. Although each country offers a unique experience and approach, there were some responses common to all countries, the most important of which was the generation of political will and accountability. Other key tactics in the successful implementation of UHC were provision of incentives for expansion of care for the most vulnerable, and adaptation and monitoring of the programme over time.InterpretationTeaching cases that document country experiences of UHC implementation and approaches to other complex health issues will contribute to an understanding of how we can improve health care for populations around the world.FundingThis research received funding from the Rockefeller Foundation and Harvard School of Public Health
The Coronal X-ray Spectrum of the Multiple Weak-Lined T Tauri Star System HD 98800
We present high-resolution X-ray spectra of the multiple (hierarchical
quadruple) weak-lined T Tauri star system HD 98800, obtained with the High
Energy Transmission Gratings Spectrograph (HETGS) aboard the Chandra X-ray
Observatory (CXO). In the zeroth-order CXO/HETGS X-ray image, both principle
binary components of HD 98800 (A and B, separation 0.8'') are detected;
component A was observed to flare during the observation. The infrared excess
(dust disk) component, HD 98800B, is a factor ~4 fainter in X-rays than the
apparently ``diskless'' HD 98800A, in quiescence. The line ratios of He-like
species (e.g., Ne IX, O VII) in the HD 98800A spectrum indicate that the
X-ray-emitting plasma around HD 98800 is in a typical coronal density regime
(log n <~ 11). We conclude that the dominant X-ray-emitting component(s) of HD
98800 is (are) coronally active. The sharp spectral differences between HD
98800 and the classical T Tauri star TW Hya demonstrate the potential utility
of high-resolution X-ray spectroscopy in providing diagnostics of pre-main
sequence accretion processes.Comment: 11 pages, 5 figures; to appear in the Astrophysical Journal (Letters
Infrared Space Observatory Polarimetric Imaging of the Egg Nebula (RAFGL 2688)
We present polarimetric imaging of the protoplanetary nebula RAFGL 2688
obtained at 4.5 microns with the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO). We have
deconvolved the images to remove the signature of the point spread function of
the ISO telescope, to the extent possible. The deconvolved 4.5 micron image and
polarimetric map reveal a bright point source with faint, surrounding
reflection nebulosity. The reflection nebula is brightest to the
north-northeast, in agreement with previous ground- and space-based infrared
imaging. Comparison with previous near-infrared polarimetric imaging suggests
that the polarization of starlight induced by the dust grains in RAFGL 2688 is
more or less independent of wavelength between 2 microns and 4.5 microns. This,
in turn, indicates that scattering dominates over thermal emission at
wavelengths as long as ~5 microns, and that the dust grains have characteristic
radii < 1 micron.Comment: 27 pages, 9 figures; to appear in the Astronomical Journal, May 2002
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Orbital motion of the young brown dwarf companion TWA 5 B
With more adaptive optics images available, we aim at detecting orbital
motion for the first time in the system TWA 5 A+B. We measured separation and
position angle between TWA 5 A and B in each high-resolution image available
and followed their change in time, because B should orbit around A. The
astrometric measurement precision is about one milli arc sec. With ten year
difference in epoch, we can clearly detect orbital motion of B around A, a
decrease in separation by ~ 0.0054 arc sec per year and a decrease in position
angle by ~ 0.26 degrees per year. TWA 5 B is a brown dwarf with ~ 25 Jupiter
masses (Neuh\"auser et al. 2000), but having large error bars (4 to 145 Jupiter
masses, Neuh\"auser et al. 2009). Given its large projected separation from the
primary star, ~ 86 AU, and its young age ~ 10 Myrs), it has probably formed
star-like, and would then be a brown dwarf companion. Given the relatively
large changes in separation and position angle between TWA 5 A and B, we can
conclude that they orbit around each other on an eccentric orbit. Some evidence
is found for a curvature in the orbital motion of B around A - most consistent
with an elliptic (e=0.45) orbit. Residuals around the best-fit ellipse are
detected and show a small-amplitude (~ 18 mas) periodic sinusoid with ~ 5.7 yr
period, i.e., fully consistent with the orbit of the inner close pair TWA 5
Aa+b. Measuring these residuals caused by the photocenter wobble - even in
unresolved images - can yield the total mass of the inner pair, so can test
theoretical pre-main sequence models.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures, accepted for publication in A&A; corrected typo
in amplitude below Fig.
Understanding the Role of the Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Emotional Memory using Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Emotional stimuli can have both beneficial and detrimental effects on memory, such that emotional stimuli can be distracting from current neutral working memory goals, while also leading to enhanced episodic memory for the distracting emotional stimuli. Recent evidence suggests that the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) has multiple roles in the enhancing effects of emotion on memory through top-down/controlled processes, including 1) coping with negative distraction and 2) elaborative encoding of negative information. Additionally, previous research has alluded to hemispheric differences in the VLPFC (Chapter 1). However, previous research has been correlational, with no strong laterality tests of the VLPFC. Two experiments tested the roles of the left and right VLPFC in working memory and/or episodic memory tasks two using non-invasive brain stimulation techniques; transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) was used to increase cortical excitability of the VLFPC in Experiment 1 and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was used to inhibit the VLPFC in Experiment 2. Experiment 1 (Chapter 2) used tDCS to test whether the VLPFC is involved in working memory and episodic memory, and whether there are hemispheric differences. Results showed that the tDCS over left VLPFC led to improved working memory tasks with both neutral and negative distractors, and also indicated that there might be a greater demand on the VLPFC with negative distraction. The right VLPFC played a role in linking together working memory and episodic memory performance. Experiment 2 (Chapter 3) used TMS to test whether the involvement of the VLPFC in âemotional enhancement of episodic memory effectâ was: 1) dependent on the available attentional resources, and 2) dependent on valence and/or arousal. Inhibiting the right VLPFC led to a reduced emotional enhancement of episodic memory effect for both ânegative arousingâ and ânegative nonarousingâ words. In contrast, inhibiting the left VLPFC under full attention reduced the emotional enhancement of episodic memory effect for ânegative nonarousingâ words only, suggesting that the role of the left VLPFC is dependent upon stimulus type and controlled processing. Together, these results point to a role for the VLPFC in: 1) working memory for both negative and neutral information, and 2) enhanced episodic memory for emotional stimuli, which is likely related its role in controlled processing. Additionally, our results show hemispheric differences, and suggest that the left VLPFC is important for controlled processing, whereas the right VLPFC is important for controlled and automatic processing
Celebrity culture and public connection: bridge or chasm?
Media and cultural research has an important contribution to make to recent debates about declines in democratic engagement: is for example celebrity culture a route into democratic engagement for those otherwise disengaged? This article contributes to this debate by reviewing qualitative and quantitative findings from a UK project on 'public connection'. Using self-produced diaries (with in-depth multiple interviews) as well as a nationwide survey, the authors argue that while celebrity culture is an important point of social connection sustained by media use, it is not linked in citizens' own accounts to issues of public concern. Survey data suggest that those who particularly follow celebrity culture are the least engaged in politics and least likely to use their social networks to involve themselves in action or discussion about public-type issues. This does not mean 'celebrity culture' is 'bad', but it challenges suggestions of how popular culture might contribute to effective democracy
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The Oregon State University Writing Center : history and context
The Oregon State University (OSU) Writing Center: History and Context provides a detailed and multi-faceted view of the Writing Center from its start in 1976 through the present. The information was gathered from interviews, annual reports, archival sources, and scholarly research. Chapter One examines the scholarly conversation about writing centers, drawing on several major contributors to identify a number of themes that recur in research on writing centers and their history Chapter One also describes the cultural historiographic approach employed in this thesis. Chapter Two offers an overview of writing center theory and practice, in order to provide a helpful context for Chapters Three and Four. Chapter Three explores the early history and pre-history of the OSU Writing Center and examines it in the context of the Center for Writing and Learning and of OSU. Chapter Four looks at the Writing Center itself, discussing the coordinators who have worked there and their contributions, the writing assistants and their training, the students, and the director's role in the Center. Chapter Five concludes this thesis by reexamining the writing center themes identified in Chapter One in light of what has been learned about the OSU Writing Center. Various appendices provide supplemental data
Spatially-resolved Chandra Imaging Spectroscopy of the classical/weak-lined T Tauri system V710 Tau
We present spatially-resolved X-ray observations of the binary T Tauri star
system V710 Tau. Using Chandra's Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer (ACIS), we
imaged this 3.2'' separation binary system, consisting of a classical T Tauri
star, V710 Tau N, and a weak-lined T Tauri star, V710 Tau S. The Chandra
ACIS-S3 images -- obtained in two 9 ks exposures separated by about three
months (2004 December and 2005 April) -- cleanly resolve the V710 Tau binary,
demonstrating that both stars emit X-rays and thereby enabling the first
spectral/temporal study of the individual components of this mixed (classical
and weak-lined) T Tauri star binary system. The northern component, V710 Tau N,
appears to have been in a flaring state during the first (2004 December)
exposure. During this flare event, the X-ray flux of the classical T Tauri star
hardened significantly. Single-component plasma models with plasma temperatures
in the range kT ~ 0.7-1.1 keV are adequate to fit the observed X-ray spectra of
V710 Tau S in 2004 December and both stars in 2005 April. The 2004 December
flare-state observation of V710 Tau N requires a higher-temperature plasma
component (kT ~ 2.5 - 3.0 keV) in addition to the soft component (kT ~ 0.5 keV)
and is better fit by a model that includes a slightly enhanced Ne/Fe abundance
ratio. These results are generally consistent with statistical contrasts
between the X-ray emission properties of classical (rapidly accreting) vs.
weak-lined (weakly accreting or non-accreting) T Tauri stars.Comment: accepted to Ap
Topographic controls on soil nitrogen availability in a lowland tropical forest
Geomorphic position often correlates with nutrient cycling across landscapes. In tropical forests, topography is known to influence phosphorus (P) availability, but its effect on nitrogen (N) cycling has received less exploration, especially in lowland forests where widespread N richness is frequently assumed. Here, we report significant effects of topographic slope and landscape position on multiple aspects of the N cycle across a highly dissected lowland tropical forest on the Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica. A suite of N cycle metrics measured along a topographic sequence revealed a distinct gradient in N availability. Values of soil d15N, inorganic N pools, net nitrification rates, and nitrification potentials were all substantially lower on a flanking steep hillslope (;288) compared to a relatively flat ridge top (;68), indicating lower N availability and a less open N cycle in steep parts of the landscape. Slope soils also hosted smaller total carbon and nitrogen stocks and notably less weathered soil minerals than did ridge soils. These latter findings suggest that elevated N loss resulting from high rates of soil and particulate organic matter erosion could underpin the spatial variation in N cycling and availability. Expanding our analysis to the larger study landscape, a strong negative linear relationship between soil d15N values and surface slope angles was observed. N isotope mass balance models suggest that this pattern is most plausibly explained by an increase in N loss via erosive, non-fractioning pathways from steep zones, as most other variables commonly assumed to affect soil d15N values (such as temperature, precipitation, and vegetation type) did not vary across the sampled region. Together, these results reveal notable hillslope-scale variation in N richness and suggest an important role for nonfractionating N loss in the maintenance of this pattern. Such findings highlight the importance of geomorphology and the significant capacity of erosion to influence N availability in steepland ecosystems
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