Research Progress on the Effect of Oil Preparation Technology on Lipid Concomitants in Rapeseed Oil

The major route of rapeseed utilization is by the preparation of rapeseed oil. Different oil preparation technologies have a significant influence on lipid concomitants (including polyphenols, phytosterols, tocopherols, and β-carotene) in rapeseed oil. Lipid concomitants are an important part in rapeseed oil quality, so it is crucial to understand the changes of lipid concomitants during rapeseed oil production. The aim of this review is to summarize the major outcomes of recent research on the influence of different oil preparation technologies on lipid concomitants in rapeseed oil with a focus on pretreatment technologies (including pulsed electric field, microwave, and roasting/steaming), oil extraction technologies (including supercritical carbon dioxide extraction, aqueous enzymatic extraction, and solvent extraction) and refining processes (including degumming, deacidification, decolorization, and deodorization). We hope that this review will provide a theoretical basis for the development of green and efficient technology for rapeseed processing

Comparison of Therapeutic Effects between Pulsed and Continuous Wave 810-nm Wavelength Laser Irradiation for Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice

Background and Objective Transcranial low-level laser therapy (LLLT) using near-infrared light can efficiently penetrate through the scalp and skull and could allow non-invasive treatment for traumatic brain injury (TBI). In the present study, we compared the therapeutic effect using 810-nm wavelength laser light in continuous and pulsed wave modes in a mouse model of TBI. Study Design/Materials and Methods TBI was induced by a controlled cortical-impact device and 4-hours post-TBI 1-group received a sham treatment and 3-groups received a single exposure to transcranial LLLT, either continuous wave or pulsed at 10-Hz or 100-Hz with a 50% duty cycle. An 810-nm Ga-Al-As diode laser delivered a spot with diameter of 1-cm onto the injured head with a power density of 50-mW/cm2 for 12-minutes giving a fluence of 36-J/cm2. Neurological severity score (NSS) and body weight were measured up to 4 weeks. Mice were sacrificed at 2, 15 and 28 days post-TBI and the lesion size was histologically analyzed. The quantity of ATP production in the brain tissue was determined immediately after laser irradiation. We examined the role of LLLT on the psychological state of the mice at 1 day and 4 weeks after TBI using tail suspension test and forced swim test. Results The 810-nm laser pulsed at 10-Hz was the most effective judged by improvement in NSS and body weight although the other laser regimens were also effective. The brain lesion volume of mice treated with 10-Hz pulsed-laser irradiation was significantly lower than control group at 15-days and 4-weeks post-TBI. Moreover, we found an antidepressant effect of LLLT at 4-weeks as shown by forced swim and tail suspension tests. Conclusion The therapeutic effect of LLLT for TBI with an 810-nm laser was more effective at 10-Hz pulse frequency than at CW and 100-Hz. This finding may provide a new insight into biological mechanisms of LLLT.National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (NIH grant R01AI050875)Center for Integration of Medicine and Innovative Technology (DAMD17-02-2-0006)United States. Dept. of Defense. Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs (W81XWH-09-1-0514)United States. Air Force Office of Scientific Research (Military Photomedicine Program (FA9950-04-1-0079))Japan. Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and TechnologyJapan Society for the Promotion of Scienc

Transcranial low-level laser therapy enhances learning, memory, and neuroprogenitor cells after traumatic brain injury in mice

The use of transcranial low-level laser (light) therapy (tLLLT) to treat stroke and traumatic brain injury (TBI) is attracting increasing attention. We previously showed that LLLT using an 810-nm laser 4 h after controlled cortical impact (CCI)-TBI in mice could significantly improve the neurological severity score, decrease lesion volume, and reduce Fluoro-Jade staining for degenerating neurons. We obtained some evidence for neurogenesis in the region of the lesion. We now tested the hypothesis that tLLLT can improve performance on the Morris water maze (MWM, learning, and memory) and increase neurogenesis in the hippocampus and subventricular zone (SVZ) after CCI-TBI in mice. One and (to a greater extent) three daily laser treatments commencing 4-h post-TBI improved neurological performance as measured by wire grip and motion test especially at 3 and 4 weeks post-TBI. Improvements in visible and hidden platform latency and probe tests in MWM were seen at 4 weeks. Caspase-3 expression was lower in the lesion region at 4 days post-TBI. Double-stained BrdU-NeuN (neuroprogenitor cells) was increased in the dentate gyrus and SVZ. Increases in double-cortin (DCX) and TUJ-1 were also seen. Our study results suggest that tLLLT may improve TBI both by reducing cell death in the lesion and by stimulating neurogenesis.National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant R01AI050875)United States. Air Force Office of Scientific Research (Grant FA9550-13-1-0068)US Army Medical Research Acquisition Activity (Grant W81XWH-09-1-0514)United States. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (Grant W81XWH-13-2-0067

Review of Deep Reinforcement Learning Approaches for Conflict Resolution in Air Traffic Control

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has been widely adopted recently for its ability to solve decision-making problems that were previously out of reach due to a combination of nonlinear and high dimensionality. In the last few years, it has spread in the field of air traffic control (ATC), particularly in conflict resolution. In this work, we conduct a detailed review of existing DRL applications for conflict resolution problems. This survey offered a comprehensive review based on segments as (1) fundamentals of conflict resolution, (2) development of DRL, and (3) various applications of DRL in conflict resolution classified according to environment, model, algorithm, and evaluating indicator. Finally, an open discussion is provided that potentially raises a range of future research directions in conflict resolution using DRL. The objective of this review is to present a guidance point for future research in a more meaningful direction

Optimum model-E-GAMS for Distributed Energy System by Using GAMS Method

DER-CAM Developed by the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), is an optimization tool for DER technology selection. However it can not be simply applied to the Japanese case because of the different climate and the utility tariff. This reserch aims to develope an optimazation tool for distributed energy for Japanese buildings using GAMS, a high-level modeling system for mathematical programming and optimization. This paper describes how we apply and demonstrate the tool to the energy center at Kitakyushu Research city, where has installed a fuelcell and a gas engine. An anylisis has also been conducted to see how the utility tarriff and the equipment efficiency can affect the operation of the DER system

Study on the effects of fracture on permeability with pore-fracture network model

Reservoir quality and productivity of fractured gas reservoirs depend heavily on the degree of fracture development. The fracture evaluation of such reservoir media is the key to quantify reservoir characterization for the purposes such as well drilling and completion as well as development and simulation of fractured gas reservoirs. In this study, a pore-fracture network model was constructed to understand the effects of fracture on permeability in the reservoir media. The microstructure parameters of fractures including fracture length, fracture density, fracture number, and fracture radius were analyzed. Then two modes and effects of matrix and fracture network control were discussed. The results indicate that the network permeability in the fractured reservoir media will increase linearly with fracture length, fracture density, fracture number, and fracture radius. When the fracture radius exceeds 80 mu m, the fracture radius has a little effect on network permeability. Within the fracture density less than 0.55, it belongs to the matrix control mode, while the fracture network control mode is dominant in the fracture density exceeding 0.55. The network permeability in the matrix and fracture network control modes is affected by fracture density and the ratio of fracture radius to pore radius. There is a great change in the critical density for the matrix network control compared with the fracture network control. This work can provide a better understanding of the relationship between matrix and fractures, and the effects of fracture on permeability so as to evaluate the fluid flow in the fractured reservoir media

Transcranial low-level laser therapy enhances learning, memory, and neuroprogenitor cells after traumatic brain injury in mice

The use of transcranial low-level laser (light) therapy (tLLLT) to treat stroke and traumatic brain injury (TBI) is attracting increasing attention. We previously showed that LLLT using an 810-nm laser 4 h after controlled cortical impact (CCI)-TBI in mice could significantly improve the neurological severity score, decrease lesion volume, and reduce Fluoro-Jade staining for degenerating neurons. We obtained some evidence for neurogenesis in the region of the lesion. We now tested the hypothesis that tLLLT can improve performance on the Morris water maze (MWM, learning, and memory) and increase neurogenesis in the hippocampus and subventricular zone (SVZ) after CCI-TBI in mice. One and (to a greater extent) three daily laser treatments commencing 4-h post-TBI improved neurological performance as measured by wire grip and motion test especially at 3 and 4 weeks post-TBI. Improvements in visible and hidden platform latency and probe tests in MWM were seen at 4 weeks. Caspase-3 expression was lower in the lesion region at 4 days post-TBI. Double-stained BrdU-NeuN (neuroprogenitor cells) was increased in the dentate gyrus and SVZ. Increases in double-cortin (DCX) and TUJ-1 were also seen. Our study results suggest that tLLLT may improve TBI both by reducing cell death in the lesion and by stimulating neurogenesis.National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant R01AI050875)United States. Air Force Office of Scientific Research (Grant FA9550-13-1-0068)US Army Medical Research Acquisition Activity (Grant W81XWH-09-1-0514)United States. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (Grant W81XWH-13-2-0067