Non-invasive assessment of intracranial wall shear stress using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging in combination with computational fluid dynamics technique

In vivo studies on association between wall shear stress (WSS) and intracranial plaque are deficient. Based on the three-dimensional T1-weighted high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (3DT1 HR-MRI) data of patients with low-grade stenotic (<50%) atherosclerotic middle cerebral artery (MCA) and subjects with normal MCA, we built a three-dimensional reconstructed WSS model by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technique. Three-dimensional registration of the CFD model to the HR-MRI was performed with projections based on the resolution and thickness of the images. The relationships between the WSS at each side of the vessel wall and plaque location were analyzed. A total of 94 MCA plaques from 43 patients and 50 normal MCAs were analyzed. In the normal MCAs, WSS was lower at the ventral-inferior wall than at the dorsal-superior wall (proximal segment, p < 0.001; middle segment, p < 0.001) and lower at the inner wall than at the outer wall of the MCA curve (p < 0.001). In atherosclerotic MCAs, similar low WSS regions were observed where plaques developed. The WSS ratio of the ventral-inferior wall to the dorsal-superior wall in atherosclerotic MCAs was lower than that in normal MCAs (p = 0.002). The WSSinner-outer ratio in atherosclerotic MCAs was lower than that in normal MCAs (p = 0.002). Low WSS was associated with MCA atherosclerosis formation and occurred mainly at the ventral-inferior wall, which was anatomically opposite the orifices of penetrating arteries, and at the inner wall of the MCA curve. Overall, the results were well consistent with the low WSS theory in atherosclerosis formation. The reconstructed WSS model is a promising novel method for assessing an individualized vascular profile once validated by further studies

Correlation between self-esteem and stress response in Chinese college students: The mediating role of the need for social approval

The need for social approval Internal locus of control Mediation analysis a b s t r a c t Interpersonal theories of self-esteem assume that the importance that others place on oneself contributes to individual levels of self-esteem. Recent studies further suggest a possible link between self-esteem and the endocrine stress response, mediated through individual levels of locus of control, without taking levels of social approval into account. The present set of studies aimed to explore the correlation between self-esteem and stress response in Chinese students, and simultaneously take into account the possible mediating role of internal locus of control and need for social approval. In study one, twenty-eight college students&apos; heart rates and saliva samples were collected while they underwent the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). Their self-esteem scores were assessed using the Rosenberg self-esteem scale. Results showed a positive correlation between self-esteem and their endocrine stress responses to the TSST. In study two, forty-one college students&apos; heart rates were collected while they underwent the TSST. Their locus of control scores were assessed by the Internality, Powerful Others, and Chance Scale, and their social approval scores were assessed by the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. Results indicated a significant positive correlation between self-esteem and heart rate changes during the TSST, with a mediating role of the need for social approval in the association between self-esteem and heart rate stress responses. We speculate that cultural differences may moderate the association between self-esteem and stress response

Dynamics of Oxygen-Independent Photocleavage of Blebbistatin as a One-Photon Blue or Two-Photon Near-Infrared Light-Gated Hydroxyl Radical Photocage

Development of versatile, chemically tunable photocages for photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT) represents an excellent opportunity to address the technical drawbacks of conventional photodynamic therapy (PDT) whose oxygen-dependent nature renders it inadequate in certain therapy contexts such as hypoxic tumors. As an alternative to PDT, oxygen free mechanisms to generate cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) by visible light cleavable photocages are in demand. Here, we report the detailed mechanisms by which the small molecule blebbistatin acts as a one-photon blue light-gated or two-photon near-infrared light-gated photocage to directly release a hydroxyl radical (•OH) in the absence of oxygen. By using femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy and chemoselective ROS fluorescent probes, we analyze the dynamics and fate of blebbistatin during photolysis under blue light. Water-dependent photochemistry reveals a critical process of water-assisted protonation and excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) that drives the formation of short-lived intermediates, which surprisingly culminates in the release of •OH but not superoxide or singlet oxygen from blebbistatin. CASPT2//CASSCF calculations confirm that hydrogen bonding between water and blebbistatin underpins this process. We further determine that blue light enables blebbistatin to induce mitochondria-dependent apoptosis, an attribute conducive to PACT development. Our work demonstrates blebbistatin as a controllable photocage for •OH generation and provides insight into the potential development of novel PACT agents

Simvastatin Prevents Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration in Experimental Parkinsonian Models: The Association with Anti-Inflammatory Responses

Background: In addition to their original applications to lowering cholesterol, statins display multiple neuroprotective effects. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors interact closely with the dopaminergic system and are strongly implicated in therapeutic paradigms of Parkinson’s disease (PD). This study aims to investigate how simvastatin impacts on experimental parkinsonian models via regulating NMDA receptors. Methodology/Principal Findings: Regional changes in NMDA receptors in the rat brain and anxiolytic-like activity were examined after unilateral medial forebrain bundle lesion by 6-hydroxydopamine via a 3-week administration of simvastatin. NMDA receptor alterations in the post-mortem rat brain were detected by [3H]MK-801(Dizocilpine) binding autoradiography. 6-hydroxydopamine treated PC12 was applied to investigate the neuroprotection of simvastatin, the association with NMDA receptors, and the anti-inflammation. 6-hydroxydopamine induced anxiety and the downregulation of NMDA receptors in the hippocampus, CA1(Cornu Ammonis 1 Area), amygdala and caudate putamen was observed in 6- OHDA(6-hydroxydopamine) lesioned rats whereas simvastatin significantly ameliorated the anxiety-like activity and restored the expression of NMDA receptors in examined brain regions. Significant positive correlations were identified between anxiolytic-like activity and the restoration of expression of NMDA receptors in the hippocampus, amygdala and CA1 following simvastatin administration. Simvastatin exerted neuroprotection in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rat brain and 6- hydroxydopamine treated PC12, partially by regulating NMDA receptors, MMP9 (matrix metalloproteinase-9), and TNF-a (tumour necrosis factor-alpha). Conclusions/Significance: Our results provide strong evidence that NMDA receptor modulation after simvastatin treatment could partially explain its anxiolytic-like activity and anti-inflammatory mechanisms in experimental parkinsonian models. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the critical roles of simvastatin in treating PD via NMDA receptors

Changes of Fruit Abscission and Carbohydrates, Hormones, Related Gene Expression in the Fruit and Pedicel of Macadamia under Starvation Stress

In order toexplore the regulation mechanism of macadamia fruitlet abscission induced by &lsquo;starvation stress&rsquo;, a treatment of girdling and defoliation was applied to the bearing shoots of macadamia cultivar &lsquo;H2&rsquo; at the early stage of fruit development, simulating the starvation stress induced by interrupting carbon supply to fruit. The levels of carbohydrates, hormones, and related gene expression in the different tissues (husk, seed, and pedicel) were investigated after treatment. The results showed that a severe fruit drop occurred 3~5 d after starvation stress treatment. The contents of glucose, fructose, and sucrose in both the husk and the seed were significantly decreased, as well as the fructose and sucrose in the pedicel; this large reduction occurred prior to the massive fruit shedding. Starvation stress significantly reduced the GA3 and ZR contents and enhanced the ABA level in the pedicel and the seed, whereas it did not obviously change these hormones in the husk. After treatment, IAA content decreased considerably in both the husk and seed but increased remarkably in the pedicel. In the husk, the expression of genes related to sugar metabolism and signaling (NI, HXK2, TPS, and TPP), as well as the biosynthesis of ethylene (ACO2 and ACS) and ABA (NCED1.1 and AAO3), was significantly upregulated by starvation stress, as well as the stress-responsive transcription factors (AP2/ERF, HD-ZIP12, bZIP124, and ABI5), whereas the BG gene associated with ABA accumulation and the early auxin-responsive genes (Aux/IAA22 and GH3.9) were considerably suppressed during the period of massive fruit abscission. Similar changes in the expression of all genes occurred in the pedicel, except for NI and AP2/ERF, the expression of which was significantly upregulated during the early stage of fruit shedding and downregulated during the period of severe fruit drop. These results suggest that complicated crosstalk among the sugar, IAA, and ABA signaling may be related to macadamia fruitlet abscission induced by carbohydrate starvation

Amphinemura tianmushana Li & Yang, sp. nov.

Amphinemura tianmushana Li & Yang, sp. nov. (Figs. 6–12) Diagnosis. Males of this species are defined by the two pairs of the darkly sclerotized median and lateral bars of the epiproct and the features of the median paraproct lobe (Figs. 6–9). Females of the species are diagnosed by a large semicircular pregenital plate, partly covering anterior part of subgenital plate. The subgenital plate has wavy outer margin in shape and is slightly expanded outward (Fig. 12). Description. Forewing length 5.7–6.3 mm, hind wing length 5.0– 5.2 mm (n= 9) in males; female forewing length 8.4–8.8 mm, hindwing length 7.3–7.5 mm. Head and appendages dark brown, but compound eyes black. Cervical gills prominent and large; inner cervical gills 6 -branched and outer ones 8 -branched. Thorax dark brown; pronotum usually subtrapezoidal with corners bluntly rounded and with dark rugosities (Fig. 11); legs yellowish brown. Wings subhyaline, grayish brown. Abdomen dark brown and cerci brown; hairs on abdomen mostly pale brown. Male terminalia (Figs. 6–10): Tergum VIII with complete antecosta. Tergum IX weakly sclerotized, two slightly elevated areas present paramedially, covered by many tiny spines at posterior margin. Sternum IX with claviform vesicle; hypoproct quadrangular basally, gradually tapering toward tip. Tergum X weakly sclerotized, except posteromedian margins mostly sclerotized, with a longitudinal median concavity beneath epiproct, bearing two rows of tiny black spines located at lateral margin. Cercus slightly sclerotized, longer than wide, with a dark vestigial second segment in older specimens. Epiproct subquadrangular with basal portion enlarged; dorsal sclerite hexagon-shaped and membranous at base, remainder heavily sclerotized, with darkly sclerotized median and lateral bars on each side of midline, a conspicuous apical tube originating from ventral sclerite; ventral sclerite strongly sclerotized, slightly expanded ventrally, bearing rows of tiny spines. Paraproct divided into three lobes: outer lobe distinctly sclerotized, upcurved apically with a dark spine, mostly fused with median lobe; median lobe sclerotized with proximal basolateral part heavily sclerotized, distinctly curved upward subapically, with 4–5 distinct apical spines on a membranous apex; inner lobe slightly sclerotized, with obtuse tip, shorter than median and outer lobes. Female terminalia (Fig. 12): Sternum VII with slightly sclerotized posterior area, which is produced into a large semicircular pregenital plate, partly covering anterior part of subgenital plate. Subgenital plate of sternum VIII slightly sclerotized with lateral portion heavier so, outer margin wavy in shape and slightly expanded outward, pointed apicolaterally, the whole plate divided medially and the apical portion with a wide median notch. The inner genital sclerites (Fig. 13) are slightly elongate, with a large sclerotized shield that consists a strongly sclerotized, triangular anterior area and a bilobed lateral and posterior area. Type material. Holotype: male (HIST), China: Zhejiang Province, Lin’an County, Mt. Tianmushan, 30.3124 N, 119.4484 E, 2009. III. 3, Hua Ling. Paratypes: 4 males (CAU), China: Zhejiang Province, Lin’an County, Mt. Tianmushan, 30.3124 N, 119.4484 E, 2009. III. 3, Hua Ling, 4 males, 2 females (HIST), same date and locality, Weihai Li. Etymology. The name of the species refers to the type locality, Mt. Tianmushan. Distribution. China (Zhejiang). Remarks. The epiproct of the new species is similar to that of A. ancistroidea Li & Yang, 2007 from Guangdong Province. The two pairs of the darkly sclerotized median and lateral bars of the epiproct and the features of the median paraproct lobe are diagnostic (Figs. 8–10) and may distinguish A. tianmushana from A. ancistroidea and other known congeners of the genus. In A. ancistroidea, the outer pair of lateral bars of the epiproct are robust, less sclerotized and divergent apically (Li and Yang 2007: Fig. 3) in contrast to the subparallel and darkly sclerotized lateral bars in the A. tianmushana (Fig. 8). In the presently known females of its congeners, A. chui Wu, 1935 seems the related one by the similar shape of pregenital plate and subgenital plate, but the whole subgenital plate of the new species is divided medially while the former not so (Wu 1938: Fig. 201).Published as part of Li, Weihai & Yang, Ding, 2011, Two new species of Amphinemura (Plecoptera: Nemouridae) from China, pp. 29-34 in Zootaxa 2975 on pages 31-33, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20244

Nemoura wangi Li & Yang, sp. nov.

Nemoura wangi Li & Yang, sp. nov. (Figs. 23–28) Diagnosis. This small species is characterized by an elongate epiproct that tapers to a blunt point apically. Additionally, the outer lobe of the two-lobed paraprocts forms a distinct hook apically that recurves dorsally. Male. Forewing length 3.8–4.5 mm, hindwing length 3.3–3.8 mm. Head and appendages dark brown; compound eyes dark. Thorax brown; wings subhyaline; legs brownish yellow. Abdomen brown with pale hairs. Terminalia (Figs. 23–27): Tergum nine weakly sclerotized with anterior and posterior margins nearly parallel. Sternum nine with robust vesicle, narrow basally and swollen apically, much longer than half hypoproct length; hypoproct suboval, broad basally and gradually tapering posteromedially to a small tip. Tergum ten slightly sclerotized, except posteromedially where it is heavily sclerotized, a shallow median concavity present bearing several tiny, black spines anteriorly, posteriorly on either side of epiproct tip are two lateral humps topped by a thick, black spine and several tiny hairs. Cercus sclerotized, heavily so apicolaterally, with a large, apical, laterally directed spine. Epiproct elongate and tapering apically to a blunt point; dorsal sclerite with two darkly sclerotized loops medially; ventral sclerite sclerotized, ventrally broad at base and narrowing toward apex, with several black spines ventrally. Paraproct with outer lobe distinctly sclerotized to form a hook apically; inner lobe slightly sclerotized, nearly quadrangular, with a membranous area proximally with rows of hairs. Female (Fig. 28). Forewing length 5.0 mm, hindwing length 4.3 mm. Sternum 7 heavily sclerotized with Y-shaped pregenital plate, distal part overlapping anterior margin of subgenital plate of sternum 8. Subgenital plate sclerotized, with anterior portion produced anteriorly, posterior margin straight, covering a darkly sclerotized, triangular plate posteriorly. Cercus membranous. Type Material. Holotype: male (IZCAS), CHINA: Xinjiang, Hejing, 42 o 31 'N, 86 o 35 'E, 2,600 m, 1958. VII. 28, Ch. Li. Paratypes: 1 male (IZCAS), Xinjiang, Wukugonglu, Tianshanbeipo?, 1965. VI. 19, 1,600 m, Sh. Wang; 4 males, (IZCAS), Xinjiang, Wukugonglu, Tianshanbeipo?, 1960. VI. 14, 1,600 m, Sh. Wang; 2 males (IZCAS), Xinjiang, Buerjin, 47 o 70 'N, 86 o 92 'E, 480 m, 1960. VIII. 25, Sh. Wang; 1 male (IZCAS), Xinjiang, Hejing, 42 o 31 'N, 86 o 35 'E, 2,600 m, 1965. VI. 18, Sh. Wang. Distribution. China (Xinjiang). Etymology. The species is named after the collector, Shuyong Wang. Remarks. The new species is related to N. jilinensis Zhu & Yang from Jilin by the dorsal sclerite of the epiproct forming a semicircular structure and by a similar cercus. It may be separated from N. jilinensis by the sclerotized apical hook of the paraproct. In N. jilinensis, the paraproct is slightly sclerotized with two protrusions apically (Zhu and Yang 2003).Published as part of Li, Weihai & Yang, Ding, 2008, New species of Nemoura (Plecoptera: Nemouridae) from China, pp. 61-68 in Zootaxa 1783 on pages 66-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18239

Indonemoura trispina Li and Sivec 2005

Indonemoura trispina Li and Sivec, 2005 (Figs. 42–46) Indonemoura trispina Li & Sivec, 2005. Zootaxa. 893: 3. Type locality: Guangdong, Nanling. Diagnosis. Epiproct with weak apical indentation and with ventral sclerite strongly sclerotized, expanded ventrally into a ridge with several spines. Outer lobe of paraproct bulbous at base and forming a heavily sclerotized blade at tip; median lobe with two more slender lobes. Hypoproct with three terminal spines. Material examined. 1 male, CHINA: Guangdong, Dawuling, 2002. VI. 4. Z. Xu. Distribution. China (Guangdong).Published as part of Li, Weihai & Yang, Ding, 2006, The genus Indonemoura Baumann, 1975 (Plecoptera: Nemouridae) from China, pp. 47-61 in Zootaxa 1283 on page 56, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17344

Amphinemura hainana Li & Yang, 2008, sp. nov.

Amphinemura hainana sp. nov. (Figs. 1 – 11) Diagnosis. Males of this species are characterized by a pair of large, falcate, dorsomedially curved projections on the tenth tergum. In both sexes, the terminal costal crossveins of the forewing are usually reduced or absent and the stigma is usually darkened. Female subgenital plate lobes are thickened on their anterolateral surfaces and the lobes cover the median notch of the subgenital plate. Male. Small, body length 2.7–3.2 mm, forewing length 3.4–3.8 mm, hindwing length 2.8–3.2 mm. Head (Figs. 2 a & b) brown, ocellar triangle more darkly pigmented, usually radiating into a cross-shaped marking, sometimes head evenly dark in older specimens. Head slightly wider than pronotum; compound eyes dark; antennae yellowish brown at basal 1 / 3 and gradually forming dark distal flagellum; mouthparts brownish except labrum dark brown. Thorax dark; pronotum (Fig. 3) pale brown, subquadrate angles bluntly rounded, shallow curved groove along anterior margin and two groups of lightly colored rugosities scattered in irregular patches on each side of midline; 2 highly branched cervical gills of nearly equal length present, 1 on each side of lateral cervical sclerite, inner gills forming 5 branches and outer gills 7 branches. Legs uniformly brown. Wings (Figs. 1 a & b) subhyaline with discontinuous brown pigmentation along costal margin, terminal costal crossveins usually reduced or absent, where absent the proximal margin of the dark stigma aids in discrimination of the typical nemourid “X” pattern. Abdomen brown with hairs mostly pale. Terminalia (Figs. 5-11): Tergum 9 weakly sclerotized except anterior margin which is heavily sclerotized, a medial sclerotized area bears several tiny black spines and hairs posteriorly. Sternum 9 with a shallow anterior emargination, vesicle slender, slightly enlarged medially; hypoproct basally broad and nearly rectangular, gradually tapering toward tubular tip. Tergum 10 mostly sclerotized but with large, longitudinal membranous area along midline under epiproct with two groups of tiny spines at anterolateral margins; a pair of large, falcate, dorsolateral projections curved dorsomedially. Cercus sclerotized, with narrow basal bar, much longer than wide. Epiproct rectangular with a round tip; dorsal sclerite broad at base and expanding dorsolaterally, with darkly sclerotized lateral margins incurved apically; ventral sclerite sclerotized, broad at base and narrowing toward tip, sometimes slightly extending beyond tip of dorsal sclerite, expanded ventrally into semicircular ridge with two rows of black spines in lateral view. Paraproct encompassed basally by a sclerotized bar, three-lobed: outer lobe distinctly sclerotized, with broad base, fused with median lobe apically to form conjoined tip with two or three spines; median lobe sclerotized and dorsomedially curved, a distinct subapical spine present; inner lobe slightly sclerotized but with dark apex and bifurcate tip, half the length of median lobe. Female. Body length 3.5–4.0 mm, forewing length 4.1–4.2 mm, hindwing length 3.3–3.5 mm. General color pattern and wing characters resemble those of males. Sternum 7 with a pentagonal, sclerotized pregenital plate reaching anterior margin of sternum 8. Subgenital plate lobes with anteromedial portion thickened. Sternum 8 with four transverse sclerotized bands along posterior margin, the median two small, subquadrate and the lateral two strip-like. Cerci membranous, cylindrical, longer than wide. FIGURES 5–11. Amphinemura hainana sp. nov. (male). 5. Terminalia, dorsal. 6. Terminalia, ventral. 7. Terminalia, lateral. 8. Epiproct, dorsal. 9. Epiproct, lateral. 10. Right paraproct, caudal. 11. Cercus, dorsolateral. Nymph. Unknown. Ecological notes. The species seems restricted to cool water streams. Adults were collected from vegetation or mineral substrates at or near the water’s edge. Many other stoneflies were present in the same habitat including Leuctra, Neoperla and Acroneuria. Other Nemouridae were rarely found to coexist with the new species. Type material. Holotype male, CHINA: Hainan, Ledong, Jianfengling, Nantianchi, 18 o 75 'N, 109 o 17 'E, 810 m, 2007. V. 5-7, Jingxian Liu. Paratypes: 3 females, same data as holotype; 10 males and 21 females, Hainan, Lingshui, Diaoluo Mountain, 18 o 48 'N, 110 o02'E, 940 m, 2007. X. 27, Ding Yang; 4 males and 3 females, Hainan, Baisha, Yuanmen, Hongmao village, 19 o 23 'N, 109 o 44 'E, 430 m, 2007. X. 19, Ding Yang; 2 males and 4 females, Hainan, Changjiang, Bawangling, Dong’er Station, 19 o 25 'N, 109 o03'E, 1000 m, 2007. X. 22, Ding Yang; 29 males and 16 females, Hainan, Wuzhi Mountain, Shuiman, Guanshantai, 18 o 76 'N, 109 o 51 'E, 600 m, 2007. X. 29, Ding Yang; 2 males and 5 females, Hainan, Baisha, Yuanmen, Hongmao village, 19 o 23 'N, 109 o 44 'E, 430 m, 2007. X. 18, Ding Yang; 7 males and 8 females, Hainan, Ledong, Jianfengling, 18 o 75 'N, 109 o 17 'E, 800 m, 2007. X. 24, Ding Yang; 2 males and 1 female, Hainan, Changjiang, Bawangling, Dong’er Station, 19 o 25 'N, 109 o03'E, 1000 m, 2007. X. 21, Ding Yang; 1 male, Guangxi, Fangcheng, Shiwandashan, 2006. VIII. 28, 21 o 77 'N, 108 o 35 'E, 1400 m, Xingyue Liu; 1 male and 2 females, Hainan, Changjiang, Bawangling National Nature Reserve, 19 o 25 'N, 109 o03'E, 1000 m, 2007. V. 24, Kuiyan Zhang; 1 male, Yunnan, Hushui, Chenggan, 28 o 84 'N, 98 o 85 'E, 900 m, 2007. V. 11, Xingyue Liu; 2 males, Hainan, Shuiman, Wuzhi Mountain, 18 o 76 'N, 109 o 51 'E, 2007. V. 16, Kuiyan Zhang; 3 males and 10 females, Hainan, Wuzhi Mountain, Shuiman, Guanshantai, 18 o 76 'N, 109 o 51 'E, 600 m, 2007. V. 16, Junhua Zhang; 1 male, Inner Mongolia, Dongsheng, 39 o 82 'N, 109 o 96 'E, 2006. VIII. 27, Maoling Sheng; 7 males and 9 females, Hainan, Shuiman, Wuzhi Mountain, 18 o 76 'N, 109 o 51 'E, 600 m, 2007. V. 26, Jingxian Liu; 1 male and 1 female, Hainan, Baisha, Yuanmen, Hongmao village, 19 o 23 'N, 109 o 44 'E, 430 m, 2007. V. 22, Junhua Zhang; 1 male, Hainan, Ledong, Jianfengling Station, 13 th section, 18 o 75 'N, 109 o 17 'E, 2007. V. 11, Junhua Zhang, 2 males and 2 females, Hainan, Baisha, Yuanmen, Hongmao village, 19 o 23 'N, 109 o 44 'E, 430 m, 2007. V. 22, Kuiyan Zhang; 2 males and 1 female, Hainan, Shuiman, Wuzhi Mountain, 18 o 76 'N, 109 o 51 'E, 600 m, 2007. V. 17, Kuiyan Zhang; 2 males and 9 females, Hainan, Lingshui, Diaoluo Mountain, 18 o 48 'N, 110 o02'E, 940 m, 2007. V. 30, Jingxian Liu; 2 males and 3 females, Hainan, Shuiman, Wuzhi Mountain, 18 o 76 'N, 109 o 51 'E, 600 m, 2007. V. 18, Jingxian Liu. Distribution. The new species is known only from China (Guangxi, Hainan, Inner Mongolia, Yunnan). Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the type locality, Hainan, the province that harbors the insect in abundance. Remarks. This is an odd species of the genus Amphinemura in that it has prong-like extensions on tergum 10 and slight modifications of the cerci that differ from other members of Amphinemura. However, the major parts of the genitalia, the epiproct and the paraprocts are typical of the genus Amphinemura. The slight modifications of the cerci are minor and the wing vein variability falls easily within the genus Amphinemura. The slight differences in the female subgenital plate are also typical of many Amphinemura species (Aubert 1967). The modifications on these ancillary characters may contribute to the successful status of the genus. Acknowledgments. We are very indebted to Mr. Jingxian Liu, Dr. Xingyue Liu and Prof. Maoling Sheng for their assistance in collecting specimens. We also heartily thank Dr. Yajun Zhu, Ms. Kuiyan Zhang and Dr. Junhua Zhang for preparing and providing the specimens. We also thank Dr. Richard W. Baumann for critical review of this manuscript. The research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30225009) and the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China (MOST grant No. 2006 FY 110500).Published as part of Li, Weihai & Yang, Ding, 2008, A new species of Amphinemura (Plecoptera: Nemouridae) from China, pp. 65-68 in Zootaxa 1892 on pages 65-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18436