673 research outputs found
An Integrated Literature Review of Time-on-Task Effects With a Pragmatic Framework for Understanding and Improving Decision-Making in Multidisciplinary Oncology Team Meetings
Multidisciplinary oncology team meetings (MDMs) or tumor boards, like other MDMs in healthcare, facilitate the incorporation of diverse clinical expertise into treatment planning for patients. Decision-making (DM) in relation to treatment planning in MDMs is carried out repeatedly until all patients put forward for discussion have been reviewed. Despite continuing financial pressure and staff shortages, the workload of cancer MDMs, and therefore meeting duration continue to increase (up to 5 h) with patients often receiving less than 2 min of team input. This begs the question as to whether the current set-up is conducive to achieve optimal DM, which these multi-specialty teams were set out to achieve in the first place. Much of what it is known, however, about the effects of prolonged cognitive activity comes from various subfields of science, leaving a gap in applied knowledge relating to complex healthcare environments. The objective of this review was thus to synthesize theory, evidence and clinical practice in order to bring the current understanding of prolonged, repeated DM into the context of cancer MDMs. We explore how and why time spent on a task affects performance in such settings, and what strategies can be employed by cancer teams to counteract negative effects and improve quality and safety. In the process, we propose a pragmatic framework of repeated DM that encompasses the strength, the process and the cost-benefit models of self-control as applied to real-world contexts of cancer MDMs. We also highlight promising research avenues for closing the research-to-practice gap. Theoretical and empirical evidence reviewed in this paper suggests that over prolonged time spent on a task, repeated DM is cognitively taxing, leading to performance detriments. This deterioration is associated with various cognitive-behavioral pitfalls, including decreased attentional capacity and reduced ability to effectively evaluate choices, as well as less analytical DM and increased reliance on heuristics. As a short to medium term improvement for ensuring safety, consistently high quality of care for all patients, and the clinician wellbeing, future research and interventions in cancer MDMs should address time-on-task effects with a combination of evidence-based cognitive strategies. We propose in this review multiple measures that range from food intake, short breaks, rewards, and mental exercises. As a long term imperative, however, capacity within cancer services needs to be reviewed as well as how best to plan workforce development and service delivery models to achieve population coverage whilst maintaining safety and quality of care. Hence the performance detriments that arise in healthcare workers as a result of the intensity (time spent on a task) and complexity of the workload require not only more research, but also wider regulatory focus and recognition
Linked Data Publication of Live Music Archives and Analyses
date-added: 2017-12-22 15:39:21 +0000 date-modified: 2017-12-22 15:53:18 +0000 keywords: Linked Data, Semantic Audio, Semantic Web, live music archive local-url: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-68204-4_3 bdsk-url-1: https://iswc2017.semanticweb.org/wp-content/uploads/papers/MainProceedings/221.pdf bdsk-url-2: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68204-4_3date-added: 2017-12-22 15:39:21 +0000 date-modified: 2017-12-22 15:53:18 +0000 keywords: Linked Data, Semantic Audio, Semantic Web, live music archive local-url: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-68204-4_3 bdsk-url-1: https://iswc2017.semanticweb.org/wp-content/uploads/papers/MainProceedings/221.pdf bdsk-url-2: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68204-4_3We describe the publication of a linked data set exposing metadata from the Internet Archive Live Music Archive along with detailed feature analysis data of the audio files contained in the archive. The collection is linked to existing musical and geographical resources allowing for the extraction of useful or nteresting subsets of data using additional metadata. The collection is published using a âlayeredâ approach, aggregating the original information with links and specialised analyses, and forms a valuable resource for those investigating or developing audio analysis tools and workflows
Read/Write Digital Libraries for Musicology
The Web and other digital technologies have democratised music creation, reception, and analysis, putting music in the hands, ears, and minds of billions of users. Music digital libraries typically focus on an essential subset of this delugeâcommercial and academic publications, and historical materialsâbut neglect to incorporate contributions by scholars, performers, and enthusiasts, such as annotations or performed interpretations of these artifacts, despite their potential utility for many types of users.
In this paper we consider means by which digital libraries for musicology may incorporate such contributions into their collections, adhering to principles of FAIR data management and respecting contributor rights as outlined in the EUâs General Data Protection Regulation. We present an overview of centralised and decentralised approaches to this problem, and propose hybrid solutions in which contributions reside in a) user-controlled personal online datastores, b) decentralised file storage, and c) are published and aggregated into digital library collections. We outline the implementation of these ideas using Solid, a Web decentralisation project building on W3C standard technologies to facilitate publication and control over Linked Data. We demonstrate the feasibility of this approach by implementing prototypes supporting two types of contribution: Web Annotations describing or analysing musical elements in score encodings and music recordings; and, music performances and associated metadata supporting performance analyses across many renditions of a given piece. Finally, we situate these ideas within a wider conception of enriched, decentralised, and interconnected online music repositories
Phase diagram for morphological transitions of wetting films on chemically structured substrates
Using an interface displacement model we calculate the shapes of thin
liquidlike films adsorbed on flat substrates containing a chemical stripe. We
determine the entire phase diagram of morphological phase transitions in these
films as function of temperature, undersaturation, and stripe widthComment: 15 pages, RevTeX, 7 Figure
Geometry dominated fluid adsorption on sculptured substrates
Experimental methods allow the shape and chemical composition of solid
surfaces to be controlled at a mesoscopic level. Exposing such structured
substrates to a gas close to coexistence with its liquid can produce quite
distinct adsorption characteristics compared to that occuring for planar
systems, which may well play an important role in developing technologies such
as super-repellent surfaces or micro-fluidics. Recent studies have concentrated
on adsorption of liquids at rough and heterogeneous substrates and the
characterisation of nanoscopic liquid films. However, the fundamental effect of
geometry has hardly been addressed. Here we show that varying the shape of the
substrate can exert a profound influence on the adsorption isotherms allowing
us to smoothly connect wetting and capillary condensation through a number of
novel and distinct examples of fluid interfacial phenomena. This opens the
possibility of tailoring the adsorption properties of solid substrates by
sculpturing their surface shape.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figure
Nonperturbative versus perturbative effects in generalized parton distributions
Generalized parton distributions (GPDs) are studied at the hadronic
(nonperturbative) scale within different assumptions based on a relativistic
constituent quark model. In particular, by means of a meson-cloud model we
investigate the role of nonperturbative antiquark degrees of freedom and the
valence quark contribution. A QCD evolution of the obtained GPDs is used to add
perturbative effects and to investigate the GPDs' sensitivity to the
nonperturbative ingredients of the calculation at larger (experimental) scale.Comment: 17 pages, 10 figures; submitted to Phys. Rev.
Universality for 2D Wedge Wetting
We study 2D wedge wetting using a continuum interfacial Hamiltonian model
which is solved by transfer-matrix methods. For arbitrary binding potentials,
we are able to exactly calculate the wedge free-energy and interface height
distribution function and, thus, can completely classify all types of critical
behaviour. We show that critical filling is characterized by strongly universal
fluctuation dominated critical exponents, whilst complete filling is determined
by the geometry rather than fluctuation effects. Related phenomena for
interface depinning from defect lines in the bulk are also considered.Comment: 4 pages, 1 figur
Chiral extrapolation of lattice moments of proton quark distributions
We present the resolution of a long-standing discrepancy between the moments
of parton distributions calculated from lattice QCD and their experimental
values. We propose a simple extrapolation formula for the moments of the
nonsinglet quark distribution u-d, as a function of quark mass, which embodies
the general constraints imposed by the chiral symmetry of QCD. The inclusion of
the leading nonanalytic behavior leads to an excellent description of both the
lattice data and the experimental values of the moments.Comment: 9 pages, 1 figure, to appear in Physical Review Letter
Ethnic In-Group Favoritism Among Minority and Majority Groups: Testing the Self-Esteem Hypothesis Among Preadolescents
The self-esteem hypothesis in intergroup relations, as proposed by social identity
theory (SIT), states that successful intergroup discrimination enhances momentary
collective self-esteem. This hypothesis is a source of continuing controversy. Furthermore,
although SIT is increasingly used to account for childrenâs group attitudes,
few studies have examined the hypothesis among children. In addition, the
hypothesisâs generality makes it important to study among children from different
ethnic groups. The present study, conducted among Dutch and Turkish preadolescents,
examined momentary collective self-feelings as a consequence of ethnic group
evaluations. The results tended to support the self-esteem hypothesis. In-group
favoritism was found to have a self-enhancing effect among participants high in
ethnic identification. This result was found for ethnic majority (Dutch) and minority
(Turkish) participants.
- âŠ