Synthesis and Nucleophilic Reactions of Bifunctional Thiourea S,S,S-Trioxides

The synthesis of bifunctional thioureas and the corresponding thiourea S,S,S-trioxides has been examined. Two methods for the synthesis of the bisthioureas were employed. One involved the treatment of a diamine with silicon tetraisothiocyanate in benzene. The second involved treatment of the amine with ammonium thiocyanate in dilute acid. This latter synthesis was superior because of the ease of its use, the high yields obtained, and the purity of the products. Though this synthesis worked well for the preparation of phenylene-l,4-bis(thiourea), it yielded only bisthiocyanate salts in the synthesis of aliphatic thioureas. The oxidation of the bisthioureas was carried out using peracetic acid or hydrogen peroxide to give the corresponding thiourea S,S,S-trioxides

Understanding Your Water Quality Analysis

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Optimizing a Volleyball Serve

An effective service in volleyball is crucial to a winning strategy. A good serve either will not be returned, resulting in the point, or it will be returned weakly, giving the serving team the advantage. One objective of an effective serve is to give the receivers as little time as possible to react. In this paper we construct a model of a served volleyball and use it to determine how to serve so that, after crossing the net, the ball hits the desired location in the minimal amount of time

Long-term Care Costs and The National Retirement Risk Index

Even if households work to age 65 and annuitize all their financial assets, including the receipts from reverse mortgages on their homes, the National Retirement Risk Index (NRRI) has shown that 44 percent will be ‘at risk.’ ‘At risk’ means they will be unable to maintain their standard of living in retirement. When health care costs were included explicitly, the percentage of households ‘at risk’ increased to 61 percent. Our previous analysis of health care costs, however, did not consider possible expenses for long-term care towards the end of life. This brief explores how the need for long-term care could affect the NRRI. This brief is structured as follows. The first section recaps the original NRRI and the NRRI with health care costs explicitly included. The second section describes the nature of long-term care, the likelihood of a household member needing such care, and the financing alternatives available. The third section explores how the challenge posed by long-term care is different for households of different types and wealth levels. The fourth section models the impact of long-term care on the NRRI. The final section concludes.

Some Practical Considerations in Developing Effective Compliance Programs: A Framework for Meeting the Requirements of the Sentencing Guidelines

This Article discusses the advantages and disadvantages of implementing an effective compliance program. It then discusses the specific elements that the Guidelines require for a sentencing court to find a compliance program effective and thus entitled to credit as a mitigating factor in the sentencing process. Finally, the Article sets forth a basic framework for establishing a compliance program that will satisfy the Guidelines\u27 requirements

Housing retrofit:Six types of local authority energy service models

Given the ambitious policy target to become net zero carbon by 2050, what role can local authorities play in the decarbonisation of housing? An examination is presented of six local authority energy service models relevant to housing retrofit in Britain. Local authorities have an important role, with local knowledge about housing stock and economic opportunities; they also have relevant planning and governance responsibilities. However, relatively little is known about either the different energy service models adopted for retrofit or their relative effectiveness. Models identified from empirical case study research constitute experimental innovations resulting from constrained finances and competition requirements in public services. They provided (1) energy-efficiency upgrades to public, residential and commercial buildings and/or (2) district heating infrastructure to secure ‘upstream’ resource efficiencies. Findings show that local initiatives provided different retrofit mixes, with differing potential for effective change. The limitations of current models are considered, along with the policy and market changes needed to empower local authorities to contribute systematically to net zero carbon buildings.  'Policy relevance' How can British local authorities organise energy-efficiency retrofit in buildings? Six energy service models are identified which deliver on-site energy-efficiency upgrades and/or area-based efficient heating infrastructure. Reductions to energy demand from these models tend to fall short of the radical changes required by UK net zero 2050 goals. Whilst the energy service models provide examples of local innovation and effectiveness, much more ambitious policy is essential to enable a step change in energy service models for retrofit. Policy and regulatory changes are needed: first, to reform the energy retail market to support energy services geared to reducing demand; and second, to empower local authorities and their partners to scale up whole-area retrofitting, including privately owned buildings