1,446 research outputs found
Understanding police officer resistance to body-worn cameras
Purpose
Body-worn cameras (BWCs) have been adopted in police agencies across the USA in efforts to increase police transparency and accountability. This widespread implementation has occurred despite some notable resistance to BWCs from police officers in some jurisdictions. This resistance poses a threat to the appropriate implementation of this technology and adherence to BWC policies. The purpose of this paper is to examine factors that could explain variation in officer receptivity to BWCs. Design/methodology/approach
The authors assess differences between officers who volunteered to wear a BWC and officers who resisted wearing a BWC as part of a larger randomized controlled trial of BWCs in the Phoenix Police Department. The authors specifically examine whether officer educational attainment, prior use of a BWC, attitudes toward BWCs, perceptions of organizational justice, support for procedural justice, noble cause beliefs, and official measures of officer activity predict receptivity to BWCs among 125 officers using binary logistic regression. Findings
The findings indicate limited differences between BWC volunteers and resistors. Volunteers did have higher levels of educational attainment and were more likely to agree that BWCs improve citizen behaviors, relative to their resistant counterparts. Interestingly, there were no differences in perceptions of organizational justice, self-initiated activities, use of force, or citizen complaints between these groups. Originality/value
Though a growing body of research has examined the impact of BWCs on officer use of force and citizen complaints, less research has examined officer attitudes toward the adoption of this technology. Extant research in this area largely focusses on general perceptions of BWCs, as opposed to officer characteristics that could predict receptivity to BWCs. This paper addresses this limitation in the research
Arctic–CHAMP: A program to study Arctic hydrology and its role in global change
The Arctic constitutes a unique and important environment that is central to the dynamics and evolution of the Earth system. The Arctic water cycle, which controls countless physical, chemical, and biotic processes, is also unique and important. These processes, in turn, regulate the climate, habitat, and natural resources that are of great importance to both native and industrial societies. Comprehensive understanding of water cycling across the Arctic and its linkage to global biogeophysical dynamics is a scientific as well as strategic policy imperative
Arctic–CHAMP: A program to study Arctic hydrology and its role in global change
The Arctic constitutes a unique and important environment that is central to the dynamics and evolution of the Earth system. The Arctic water cycle, which controls countless physical, chemical, and biotic processes, is also unique and important. These processes, in turn, regulate the climate, habitat, and natural resources that are of great importance to both native and industrial societies. Comprehensive understanding of water cycling across the Arctic and its linkage to global biogeophysical dynamics is a scientific as well as strategic policy imperative
Attitudinal Changes Toward Body-Worn Cameras: Perceptions of Cameras, Organizational Justice, and Procedural Justice Among Volunteer and Mandated Officers
Little is known about officer perceptions of body-worn cameras (BWCs), and whether perceptions change following implementation within their agencies. BWC deployment varies, with some agencies mandating officers to wear BWCs and others using volunteers. Researchers have yet to assess attitudinal differences between volunteers and mandated officers. This study addresses these gaps using data from an evaluation of BWCs in the Phoenix Police Department to examine officer perceptions of the utility of BWCs, perceptions of organizational justice, and support for using procedural justice. We use inverse propensity weighted difference-in-difference models to examine changes in officer perceptions over time between randomly selected officers who were mandated to wear a BWC, BWC volunteers, officers who resisted BWCs, and control officers. We identified limited significant differences in perceptions of BWCs over time, though effect sizes suggest that BWC volunteers and mandated officers were more subdued in their expectations about BWCs at the posttest
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Explosive Radiation of Malpighiales Supports a Mid-Cretaceous Origin of Modern Tropical Rain Forests
Fossil data have been interpreted as indicating that Late Cretaceous tropical forests were open and dry adapted and that modern closed-canopy rain forest did not originate until after the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K/T) boundary. However, some mid-Cretaceous leaf floras have been interpreted as rain forest. Molecular divergence-time estimates within the clade Malpighiales, which constitute a large percentage of species in the shaded, shrub, and small tree layer in tropical rain forests worldwide, provide new tests of these hypotheses. We estimate that all 28 major lineages (i.e., traditionally recognized families) within this clade originated in tropical rain forest well before the Tertiary, mostly during the Albian and Cenomanian (112 - 94 Ma). Their rapid rise in the mid-Cretaceous may have resulted from the origin of adaptations to survive and reproduce under a closed forest canopy. This pattern may also be paralleled by other similarly diverse lineages and supports fossil indications that closed-canopy tropical rain forests existed well before the K/T boundary. This case illustrates that dated phylogenies can provide an important new source of evidence bearing on the timing of major environmental changes, which may be especially useful when fossil evidence is limited or controversial.Organismic and Evolutionary Biolog
Forest Management Guideline Development Through Consensus: Important Factors to Consider
Consensus forums are one method of dealing with controversial natural resource issues. Minnesota regulators learned numerous important lessons when they used a consensus-based approach to develop voluntary site-level forest management guidelines. These include: 1) take active steps to facilitate information sharing among team leaders, 2) select team members who can effectively represent their group's perspective, who are solution-oriented, and who can help shape a compromise, 3) be prepared for problems that will arise so that they don't bog down the process, 4) use field tours as a mechanism to educate participants and to test the practicality of proposed guidelines, and 5) build in flexibility to accommodate the range of considerations which affect guideline application
La responsabilidad social empresarial en las estrategias de desarrollo del gobierno peruano: propuestas de la Carta de Navegación y el sector privado
Presenta las exposiciones de expertos acerca de la responsabilidad social en las empresas peruanas, en el marco de la XLVII Reunión de Intercampus
Sixteen years of Collaborative Learning through Active Sense-making in Physics (CLASP) at UC Davis
This paper describes our large reformed introductory physics course at UC
Davis, which bioscience students have been taking since 1996. The central
feature of this course is a focus on sense-making by the students during the
five hours per week discussion/labs in which the students take part in
activities emphasizing peer-peer discussions, argumentation, and presentations
of ideas. The course differs in many fundamental ways from traditionally taught
introductory physics courses. After discussing the unique features of CLASP and
its implementation at UC Davis, various student outcome measures are presented
showing increased performance by students who took the CLASP course compared to
students who took a traditionally taught introductory physics course. Measures
we use include upper-division GPAs, MCAT scores, FCI gains, and MPEX-II scores.Comment: Also submitted to American Journal of Physic
The Broadband XMM-Newton and NuSTAR X-ray Spectra of Two Ultraluminous X-ray Sources in the Galaxy IC 342
We present results for two Ultraluminous X-ray Sources (ULXs), IC 342 X-1 and
IC 342 X-2, using two epochs of XMM-Newton and NuSTAR observations separated by
7 days. We observe little spectral or flux variability above 1 keV
between epochs, with unabsorbed 0.3--30 keV luminosities being
erg s for IC 342 X-1 and
erg s for IC 342 X-2, so that both were
observed in a similar, luminous state. Both sources have a high absorbing
column in excess of the Galactic value. Neither source has a spectrum
consistent with a black hole binary in low/hard state, and both ULXs exhibit
strong curvature in their broadband X-ray spectra. This curvature rules out
models that invoke a simple reflection-dominated spectrum with a broadened iron
line and no cutoff in the illuminating power-law continuum. X-ray spectrum of
IC 342 X-1 can be characterized by a soft disk-like black body component at low
energies and a cool, optically thick Comptonization continuum at high energies,
but unique physical interpretation of the spectral components remains
challenging. The broadband spectrum of IC 342 X-2 can be fit by either a hot
(3.8 keV) accretion disk, or a Comptonized continuum with no indication of a
seed photon population. Although the seed photon component may be masked by
soft excess emission unlikely to be associated with the binary system, combined
with the high absorption column, it is more plausible that the broadband X-ray
emission arises from a simple thin blackbody disk component. Secure
identification of the origin of the spectral components in these sources will
likely require broadband spectral variability studies.Comment: 12 pages, 11 figures, 5 Tables, Accepted for publication in The
Astrophysical Journa
Reliability and importance of structural diversity of climate model ensembles
PublishedJournal ArticleWe investigate the performance of the newest generation multi-model ensemble (MME) from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). We compare the ensemble to the previous generation models (CMIP3) as well as several single model ensembles (SMEs), which are constructed by varying components of single models. These SMEs range from ensembles where parameter uncertainties are sampled (perturbed physics ensembles) through to an ensemble where a number of the physical schemes are switched (multi-physics ensemble). We focus on assessing reliability against present-day climatology with rank histograms, but also investigate the effective degrees of freedom (EDoF) of the fields of variables which makes the statistical test of reliability more rigorous, and consider the distances between the observation and ensemble members. We find that the features of the CMIP5 rank histograms, of general reliability on broad scales, are consistent with those of CMIP3, suggesting a similar level of performance for present-day climatology. The spread of MMEs tends towards being "over-dispersed" rather than "under-dispersed". In general, the SMEs examined tend towards insufficient dispersion and the rank histogram analysis identifies them as being statistically distinguishable from many of the observations. The EDoFs of the MMEs are generally greater than those of SMEs, suggesting that structural changes lead to a characteristically richer range of model behaviours than is obtained with parametric/physical-scheme-switching ensembles. For distance measures, the observations and models ensemble members are similarly spaced from each other for MMEs, whereas for the SMEs, the observations are generally well outside the ensemble. We suggest that multi-model ensembles should represent an important component of uncertainty analysis. © 2013 The Author(s).We acknowledge the World Climate Research Programme’s Working Group on Coupled Modelling, which is responsible for CMIP. For CMIP the US Department of Energy’s Pro-
gram for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison provides coordinating support and led development of software infrastructure in partnership with the Global Organization for Earth System Science Portals. M.C. was partially supported by funding from NERC grants NE/I006524/1 and NE/I022841/1. MW is supported by the Joint DECC/Defra Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Programme (GA01101). T.Y., J.D.A, H.S., S.E., M.Y., J.C.H. were supported by
the Global Environment Research Fund of the Ministry of the Environment of Japan (S-10, Integrated Climate Assessment – Risks,Uncertainties and Society, ICA-RUS)
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