Assessing the Featural Organisation of Paradigms with Distributional Methods

In this paper, we apply distributional methods to Czech data to compare the predictions of two views of inflectional paradigms, as systems of orthogonal morphosyntactic feature oppositions, or as systems of multilateral contrasts between pairs of morphologically related words, not necessarily reducible to orthogonal features. We define two predictive tasks that probe what it means for two pairs of paradigm cells to contrast in the same features: in the first, we train a~classifier to discriminate between two paradigm cells; in the second, we train a family of models to predict the vector of the word in one cell from that of the word in another cell. By varying the choice of training and test data, we show that (i)~a~model trained on data that contrast in a manner orthogonal to its test data performs on average at chance level, while (ii)~a~model trained on data that contrast in a~manner parallel to its test data performs on average better than chance but still worse than a model trained on the same pair of cell used for testing. This is incompatible with the predictions of a reductive view of paradigms as systems of feature contrasts

Quel programme de recherche en mathématique et phonologie ?

International audienceNous proposons un état des lieux, à la fois dans les interrogations actuelles que soulève la rencontre des deux disciplines et dans l’histoire de leurs relations, depuis les propositions fondatrices de Troubetzkoy jusqu’à aujourd’hui. Il se conclut par une réflexion sur le défi que constitue pour la mathématique la confrontation à un objet qui lui est peu familier et sur les clivages qui mettent à l’épreuve les capacités d’analyse et de modélisation (langage vs. langues, forme mentale vs. forme symbolique, signal vs. écriture galiléenne)

Detection of liaison consonants in speech processing in French: Experimental data and theoretical implications

The goal of the present study is to better understand the mechanisms involved in the processing of liaison consonants by listeners in French. Previous work (Wauquier-Gravelines 1996) showed that liaison consonants are more difficult to detect than word-initial consonants in a phoneme-detection task. We examined to what extent such differences are attributable to the consonants' phonetic properties, and we also compared the perception of liaison consonants with that of fixed word-final and word-medial consonants, as well as word-initial ones. The results suggest that liaison consonants have a specific perceptual status. Implications for both autosegmental and exemplar-based theories of liaison are discussed

Acquisition de la liaison en L1 et L2 : stratégies phonologiques ou lexicales ?

Les travaux réalisés sur l’acquisition en L1 et en L2 laissent penser que les stratégies d’acquisition et par conséquent les voies d’accès lexical pour les deux types d’apprenants pourraient être différentes. Les apprenants L2 traiteraient la liaison plutôt lexicalement (apprentissage au cas par cas pour chaque mot dans chaque contexte problématique) là où les apprenants de L1 semblent plutôt mettre en place une règle morpho-phonologique à un moment précis de leur développement linguistique, règle qu’ils utilisent ensuite en temps réel lors du traitement lexical.Dans cet article, nous nous proposons de faire la synthèse des expériences psycholinguistiques et des données de production concernant l’acquisition de la liaison en L1 et L2, ainsi que d’approfondir l’hypothèse de l’existence de deux types de stratégies d’acquisition et donc de voies d’accès lexical différentes pour L1 et L2. Puis ces résultats seront confrontés au débat concernant la nécessité (ou l’absence de nécessité) du recours à des représentations phonologiques abstraites pour rendre compte de l’existence et de l’acquisition de la liaison en français.Studies on the acquisition of liaison in French by L1 and L2 learners provide data and arguments that support the assumption of two different acquisition and lexical access strategies for these two types of learners. L2 learners would rather resort to lexical processing and lexical information, and learn the relevant cases of liaison one by one. However L1 children would perform a morpho-phonological rule supported by some phonological generalization during a specific period during the acquisition process and apply such rule afterwards in a relevant and errorless manner.In this paper we will sum up the most current data available on the acquisition of liaison for L1 and L2 (i.e. psycholinguistic experiments in perception and production along with their corpora) and discuss the above assumption of two different acquisition strategies for the two types of learners. Finally, we will raise the question of whether these data and arguments support a theoretical conception of liaison and its acquisition as a process involving its formal representation in an autonomous phonological module rather than in the lexicon

Du son au sens : acquérir ou apprendre la phonologie ?

Cet article d’introduction présente brièvement les principales questions posées actuellement au domaine de l’acquisition par le développement des études en psycholinguistique du bébé ainsi que par les données de perception. L’article est centré sur les trois points suivants : l’interprétation des expériences de perception précoces au cours de la première année de vie et leur rôle dans l’acquisition phonologique ; le lien entre phonologie et lexique ; le poids des contraintes de la ou des langues cibles adultes et l’existence d’universaux innés sur lesquels s’appuie la mise en place des représentations.In this paper I present an overview of some recent issues rising from the data and results that have been provided by the developement of babies’ and young children’s psycholinguistics. I will focus on the following points: the role of early perception in the emergence of phonology, the relationships between the acquisition of phonology and lexicon and the role of innate phonological universals supporting the emergence of phonological representations

Segmentation lexicale de la parole continue : la linéarité en question

Les caractéristiques physiques du signal, ainsi que les modélisations de la chaîne parlée le plus souvent retenues dans les modèles psycholinguistiques (représentation orthographique ou phonologique SPE) ont longtemps influencé une conception strictement algorithmique et linéaire du traitement de la parole continue. Néanmoins, la synthèse des plus récentes propositions de la psycholinguistique expérimentale et de la phonologie multilinéaire nous amène à mettre à jour les limites d’une telle conception et nous invite à envisager l’existence de stratégies heuristiques incluant le stockage temporaire et/ou l’existence de calculs rétroactifs permettant l’extraction rapide et efficace de l’information lexicale.Speech signal and phonological representations of speech adopted by psycholinguistical models (SPE model) have supported for a long time a strictly left-right algorithmic linear conception of speech treatment. Last experimental results and last psycholinguistical modelisations, as also proposals of multilinear phonology, invite us to consider that speech treatment could be more heuristic and could include both proactive and retroactive processes

Acute dengue virus 2 infection in Gabonese patients is associated with an early innate immune response, including strong interferon alpha production

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Dengue is now a leading cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the tropics. We conducted the first <it>ex vivo </it>study of dengue fever (DF) in African patients infected during the first Gabonese dengue virus 2 (DENV-2) outbreak in 2007, in order to investigate cytokine production, including the antiviral cytokine IFN-α, reported to be a potent inhibitor of DENV replication <it>in vitro</it>.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Levels of 50 cytokines, chemokines and growth factors were measured in plasma from 36 patients with DENV-2 infection, and in uninfected controls, using Luminex multiplex technology. The results were interpreted according to the day of sampling after symptom onset. PBMC from six patients were also studied for T lymphocyte cell surface marker expression by flow cytometry.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Acute DENV-2 infection elicited high levels of several pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-17), chemokines (MIF, RANTES, IP-10 and MCP-1) and growth factors (G-CSF, GM-CSF and VEGF-A). We also observed high levels of IFN-α for the first time in adult DF patients, and CD4+ and CD8+ T cell activation at symptom onset.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Acute DENV-2 infection in African patients elicits a strong innate response involving IFN-α production, as well as an adaptive immune response.</p

Round of noise simulation for IIR digital structure choice

After recalling the classical method te , calculate roundoff noise into IIR digital filters, we present a method using state-space filter representation . For three différent all poles structures, having the saine transfer function H (z), we compare the theoretical estimations with results given by simulation . The results depend on poles of H (z), that immediately give us a determination of the less noisy structure .On présente une méthode faisant appel à la représentation des filtres dans l'espace d'états. Les estimations théoriques du bruit sont vérifiées par comparaison avec des valeurs expérimentales obtenues à l'aide d'un simulateu

LITL at CLEF eHealth2016: recognizing entities in French biomedical documents

International audienceThis paper describes the participation of master's students (LITL programme, university of Toulouse) and their teachers to the CLEF eHealth 2016 campaign. Two runs were submitted for task 2 (multilingual information extraction) which consisted in the recognition and categorization of medical entities in French biomedical documents. The system used consists of a CRF classier based on a number of dierent features (POS tagging, generic word lists and syntactic parsing). In addition , several patterns were used on the CRF's output in order to extract more complex entities. The best run achieved high precision (0.640.78) but lower recall (0.320.40), with an overall F1-measure of 0.430.53