Are regulated parties customers?

How does a regulator refer to the individuals or organisations it regulates? Are they customers, even though they are not buying a product or service, and often have little choice in the matter? Are they to be referred to as regulated entities, obligatees, licensees, taxpayers, businesses, employers or one of a number of other terms of this kind, their identity defined by their specific rights and obligations under the law? But what does this mean for regulatory agencies implementing multiple regimes

LIFETIME AND QUENCHING OF CO (a3Πa^{3}\Pi) IN A FLOWING HELIUM AFTERGLOW

This research was supported, in part, by NASA, Grant No. NGR 05-010-044.""Author Institution: Department of Physics, University of CaliforniaSpectroscopic observations from 190 to 800 nm of a fast-flowing helium afterglow have shown CO (a $^{3}\Pi$) is a major product of the reaction of He (2 $^{3}$S) metastable atoms with carbon dioxide. Studies carried out in a helium bath at pressures near 1 torr have proved convenient for observing the long lived triplet of CO by means of the emission between 190 and 260 nm of the Cameron Bands, the a $^{3}\Pi$ --- X $^{1}\Sigma$ system. Measurements of the decay of the CO a $^{3}\Pi$ emission as a function of distance in the flowing helium have been used to measure the radiative lifetime of the a $^{3}\Pi$ state and the quenching of this state by $CO_{2}$ and by helium. Rates of removal of the CO (a $^{3}\Pi$) by $CO_{2}$ and He at room temperature over the pressure range from 0.1 to 3 torr have been measured as $(1.6 \pm 0.3) \times 10^{-11}$ $cm^{3}$ $sec^{-1}$ and $(6 \pm 3) \times 10^{-14}$ $cm^{3}$ $sec^{-1}$, respectively. The radiative lifetime was found to be between 2.5 and 20 msec

Laboratory studies of excited atom reactions

Recent interest in electronically excited atoms and molecules has stemmed from a desire to know more about some species found in the upper atmosphere. This thesis reviews studies of two excited atoms O(¹D) and H(²P). Attempts were made to study the reactions of O(¹D) with N₂O and CO₂. The difficulties encountered in this study are discussed. A method of distinguishing luminescence arising from primary reactions of a short lived excited species from other light emitted in the reaction system was used in the study of H(²P). In this method the ground state hydrogen atoms were excited by a Lyman-α lamp. The lamp was operated from the a.c. mains so that its output at 1216Å was modulated at 100 Hz. Consequently the population of the short-lived H(²P) was modulated at 100 Hz and any luminescence arising from allowed transit ions or electronically excited species produced by its reactions was therefore also modulated in phase with the lamp. This luminescence could be distinguished from scattered light from the lamp by its dependence on the simultaneous presence of both ground-state atomic hydrogen and the molecular reactant. Using this method in the following reaction mechanisms we detected: OH(²Σ) from H(²P) plus O², NH(³π) from H(²P) plus N₂, NO and N₂O, CH(²Σ) from H(²P) plus CO and CO₂, and SH(²Σ) from SO₂ plus H(²P). To determine whether there was a relation between the. chemiluminescent reactions and the overall reactions of H(²P), the Stern-Volmer equation was applied to quenchings, by each of the reactants, of 1216Å fluorescence in an atomic H gas. Difficulties encountered owing to trapping of 1216Å radiation in the atomic hydrogen vapour are discussed. From the quenching measurements rate constants and crosssections for the quenching of Lyman-α fluorescence by O₂, N₂, NO, N₂O, CO, CO₂, SO₂, H₂ and Ar were obtained

Watching the birth of the regulatory profession

Several decisions have been taken over the past few months that aim to professionalise the regulatory community in New Zealand. A professional regulatory community is increasingly regarded as essential to achieving social, environmental and economic outcomes sought by New Zealanders, and is one of the fundamental planks in New Zealand’s regulatory quality management system. It is not possible to attribute this development to a single cause; nor is it a ‘revelation’, as dedicated regulatory professionals from a range of agencies have built the foundations over a long period of time. Contextual factors include the impact of ideas of international experts such as Sparrow, Black and Braithwaite, government policies that have stressed the need for better regulation and governance, and the lessons that have been learned from regulatory failures.&nbsp