2,232 research outputs found
Career guidance in Europe’s public employment services : trends and challenges
Between 2001 and 2004, the OECD, the European Training Foundation,
CEDEFOP and the World Bank carried out extensive reviews of career
guidance, looking broadly at related policy and practice in both the labourmarket
and the education sectors. In 2002, the European PES Network’s Expert
Group carried out a study on personalised services with a special focus on guidance
and counselling, documenting examples of interesting practice in six Public
Employment Services (PES). The present study, commissioned by DG Employment,
Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities in October 2004 in collaboration with the
Heads of PES Network, sets out to build on the accumulated knowledge of the
previous reviews by drawing on the responses of 28 countries—the EU25 plus three
EEA countries (Iceland, Norway and Switzerland)—to a questionnaire survey that
was specifically developed to facilitate the identification and examination of the place
of career guidance in the Public Employment Services across Europe.
The survey data was complemented by country visits to Finland, France, Germany,
Greece, Poland, Slovenia and Sweden, in order to provide a qualitative dimension to
the study, and to enable a deeper examination of the issues that were foregrounded in
the survey. The key purpose behind the study was to gauge the manner in
which—and the extent to which—personalised employment and career guidance
services in the European PES have responded to the widely-adopted goal of
implementing a personal service approach, identifying the difficulties they have
encountered and the innovative responses they have generated.
The study is guided by a concern with the practical, i.e. it sets out to describe the
day-to-day realities of work in the PES with a view to identifying some of the
more promising and successful practices, and to make proposals for
improvement. The report provides details of the various models of career guidance in
use, the processes that are being implemented across the range of EU and EEA
countries, the outcomes of PES interventions, the tools and instruments used to attain
such outcomes, the level of staff preparation for delivering career guidance services,
and the strategies that are in place in order to ensure quality provision.
An understanding of the context in which the PES across Europe provide career
guidance services is crucial. The study is therefore careful to locate the survey
within the context of the European Employment Strategy (EES), and particularly the
European Employment Guideline on prevention and activation. It also draws a link
between the latter and the effort to modernise the PES across Europe through the
widespread adoption of a personal service model, which gives pride of place to the
client, and which strives to guarantee citizens’ rights for quality, proximity,
personalisation and individualisation of public services. The report further examines
the potential of career guidance in contributing to the attainment of the Lisbon targets,
particularly in relation to the priorities established by the EES to increase in the
adaptability of workers, to attract more people to the labour market, and to increase
quality investment in human capital. It is argued that career guidance and personalised
employment services have the potential for making such a contribution by advancing
lifelong learning goals, by helping to address a whole range of labour market issues,
and by supporting efforts to attain social equity and social inclusion goals.
While career guidance services are offered in a range of settings, and there is an
overlap in the way that these services are understood in such settings, specific
attention needs to be given to the way career guidance is defined within the
overall mission of the PES. Here we can distinguish three main categories of
activities:
- The first are those activities that fall within the area of ‘personalised
employment services’, and that have elements of career guidance embedded
in them. Employment advisers register and interview clients, and in the
process of doing so utilise several guidance-related skills, particularly where
efforts are being made to personalise services through client segmentation.
While the employment adviser’s work at this level—in relation to the initial
interview, personal action planning, and assistance in the job-search process
through job-broking and other means—cover processes and tasks that are
largely administrative, they can also have strong guidance elements embedded
in them. The report acknowledges the tensions that arise in the mix and
balance between administrative and guidance roles, stressing that both
elements are critical in the consolidation of career guidance elements within
services that have, as their primary objective, the placing of people in
employment.
- The second category of activities are specialised career guidance services.
These are distinguished from the first category by their more intensive and
more focused engagement with the client, on the basis of a deeper knowledge
base and extended competence. It is noted that the two categories are
increasingly becoming blurred, and that this carries with it both opportunities
and challenges for career guidance in a PES context.
- A third category of activities considers other career guidance provision that
the PES may be involved in, including the production and/or dissemination of
labour market information, as well as occupational information, and the
provision of career guidance services to students.
These three categories of activities need to be considered within the changes in
the overall organisational context of the public employment services. One of the
key trends that have an impact on the way personalised employment and career
guidance services are delivered is responsibility-sharing. The study considers three
key aspects in relation to this organisational trend. The first is the sharing of
responsibility with regional and local employment offices through decentralisation.
The second is the sharing of responsibility with partners through joint service
delivery, or through outsourcing and contracting-out. In both cases, the different
modalities by means of which the process can be organised are discussed in some
detail, particularly with a view to identifying how they can improve—or jeopardise—
quality career guidance provision. Indeed, a key challenge that the PES has to
confront is to find the right balance between, on the one hand, encouraging
innovative, flexible and context-sensitive responses in its decentralised mediation
between clients and local labour markets, and on the other, maintaining standards
across the whole range of providers, thus ensuring that citizens, irrespective of their
geographical or social location, have guaranteed access to the same quality of service
that they are equally entitled to. The issue of quality standards in the attempt to
manage the decentralisation process is therefore pivotal, and constitutes the third aspect considered. The study highlights different approaches to quality assurance
across the 28 European countries, pointing to some of the formative experiences in the
use of both quantitative and qualitative strategies in this respect.
The change in the organisational context, as well as the paradigmatic shift towards a
‘personal service model’, has given rise to a number of trends in the delivery of career
guidance and career-guidance-related services within Europe’s PES. One of the more
important is the increase in the range and depth of services that contain career
guidance elements. This increase in both supply and demand for services can lead to
tensions resulting from the attempt to develop personalised approaches while at the
same time catering for increasingly large numbers of unemployed in a differentiated
manner. Such tensions are particularly accentuated in those contexts where human
and material resources have either remained stable or even been decreased. Europe’s
PES have developed three key ways to manage these tensions. These include: a
resort to partnership and to outsourcing; a shift to self-service modes of delivery;
and the introduction of tiering, to provide career guidance in self-access modes
and in groups to the majority of clients, reserving to the rest more intensive
individual career guidance interviews if and when needed.
Employment advisers and career guidance staff are at the crucible of most of the
transformations taking place in the PES, and their training, competence levels
and motivation have a great bearing on the quality and nature of services
provided. The study considers PES staff involved in delivery of personalised
employment and career guidance services from a variety of angles. First, attention is
given to aspects of their profile, including age, gender and conditions of work. The
focus then turns to the distribution of career guidance roles among PES staff, with
distinctions being drawn between those systems that have specialised tiers of staff,
and those that require their staff to be multi-functional. The implications that such role
distributions have for the provision of specialised services on the one hand, and
holistic services on the other, are also examined. A third major consideration in regard
to staff is the profile required of career guidance and career-guidance-related
personnel at the point of recruitment, as well as the opportunities that such staff
have for pre-service, induction and continued training. While many systems do
not provide initial training, and recruitment is often effected on the basis of proxy
qualifications, there is a trend for improved induction and in-service professional
development opportunities—linked, for example, to the range of tools and instruments
that career-guidance-related staff use in delivering services. Details of the modalities
for the provision of training are presented, as are examples of commendable practice
from a variety of countries. Training gaps are also identified, many of which were
signalled by respondents to the survey who felt that expanded roles required the
targeting of specific competence development.
In their attempt to modernise their delivery systems, Europe’s PES have striven
to reach out to a range of clients, giving special attention to those categories that
have particularly acute needs for individualised and tailor-made support on the road to
employment: these include the long-term unemployed, women returnees, persons with
disability, the unqualified and low-skilled, company-closure clients, and customers
with a variety of social problems and/or tenuous links to citizenship rights. The
study provides details of the different career guidance models and strategies used
to deliver services to such clients. It also considers the results of client-satisfaction surveys, which are being used by PES in several countries as an indicator of
effectiveness. Despite major improvements in catering for differentiated needs, it is
also clear that there are other categories of customers that the PES are finding more
challenging to reach. In particular, rising unemployment levels in a tight resource
environment are often leading PES to focus narrowly on the unemployed, despite the
fact that lifelong career guidance perspectives are adhered to in principle. Swift
placement in employment remains a pivotal challenge for the PES, even as they strive
to balance this with other career guidance-related goals such as client clarification of
occupational strengths and interests, as well as career management and development
in a lifelong perspective.
In their attempt to maintain the dynamics of transformation into effective and
client-oriented organisations, Europe’s PES face a number of important
challenges. Four are particularly relevant to personalised employment and career
guidance services:
- The first challenge concerns the need for PES career guidance and careerguidance-
related services to be more systematic in the evaluation of their
effectiveness. While there is a strong tradition of critical assessment of PES
functions overall, the targeted evaluation of career guidance within PES
settings needs further attention, even if there are a number of examples of
good practice in several countries that could serve to provide models for
emulation. A stronger evidence base on the match between career guidance
services and policy objectives buttresses claims for improved resourcing. On
the other hand, a lack of systematic evidence leads to a situation where the
major shifts in the modalities of service delivery—particularly in relation to
responsibility-sharing with partners and outsourced agencies—remain
unexamined in terms both of efficiency in resource use, and of impact on
quality of service.
- A second challenge is to get the right balance between integrating career
guidance elements in the services and activities provided by the PES,
while at the same time maintaining specialist services for deeper
engagement with clients when this is required. In many ways this implies
the foregrounding of the identity of career guidance within PES settings. In
addition, the attempt to deepen career guidance and career-guidance-related
services towards a larger range of clients signals the need for more intensive
preparation of staff, and for a more careful consideration of the ways in which
the administrative and the career guidance roles of providers can be kept in
appropriate balance.
- A third challenge arises from the necessity to open up guidance services
within the PES to embrace a more long-term, life-long perspective: one
that is more in tune with the needs of citizens in the emergent knowledge
economy. This vision presents enormous resource and training challenges for
the PES, but it is likely to be one that it will need to rise to as citizens
increasingly move through occupational and training pathways in more
complex, non-linear ways. A lifelong perspective on career guidance would
entail the PES in stronger collaboration with education institutions and with
companies, so that service delivery is experienced by the client in a seamless,
holistic way, with community resources being mobilised in support of goals
that have, as an outcome, both the private good and the public good.
- Finally, the PES has to rise to the challenge of addressing key gaps in
service delivery, and to focus on those areas that require further attention and
investment in order to facilitate the provision of quality services for all.
The way forward lies in addressing these challenges.peer-reviewe
Career guidance in the Mediterranean region
Education and training have been identified as one of the key instruments for the
promotion of social stability and economic prosperity in the Mediterranean region in a
number of policy documents and bilateral cooperation programmes under the so-called
Barcelona Process.
Among other measures to support this process, a special regional MEDA
programme – Education and Training for Employment (MEDA-ETE) – was launched by
the European Commission (EuropeAid Cooperation Office), and is being implemented by
the European Training Foundation (ETF) between 2005 and 2008. This project aims to
support 10 Mediterranean Partners – Algeria, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco,
Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, and the West Bank and Gaza Strip – in the design of relevant
education and training policies that can contribute to promote employment through a
regional approach.
When the MEDA-ETE project was designed, many of the 10 Mediterranean
Partners expressed the interest and need to better understand the career guidance
services in the region and to identify existing good policies and practices both in and
outside the European Union.
As a result, in 2006, a specific component of the project was dedicated to career
guidance in the Mediterranean region. It has generated a number of outputs, such as
country and cross-country analyses of career guidance policies as well as the
establishment of a regional network of policy-makers in career guidance, supported by a
virtual community/discussion forum on guidance.
The analysis was built upon previous experience with career guidance reviews of
the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the European
Commission (Directorate-General for Education and Culture), Cedefop, ETF and the
World Bank, and developed further the research methodology by paying particular
attention to the socio-economic and cultural context of the Mediterranean region and its
impact and limitations on career guidance services. It was based on the assumption that
career guidance is not only important for individuals, but also can contribute to a number
of public-policy goals in education and training, in the labour market and in social
cohesion and equity. It further took into account the paradigm shift in career guidance that
is emerging in the EU and OECD countries, from ‘choosing a career’ to ‘constructing a
career’, from ‘psychological testing’ to ‘tasting the world of work’, and from ‘external expert
support’ to ‘career self-management skills’. Therefore, the underlying definition of career guidance used in the analysis was the
same as adopted by EU Ministers of Education in 2004 (EU Council Resolution on
Lifelong Guidance): ‘services to assist individuals and groups of any age, at any point
throughout their lives, to make educational, training and occupational choices and to
manage their careers.’
Special thanks to Carmela Doriana Monteleone and Jens Johansen (ETF) for
preparing and advising on the statistical tables. The cross-country report is based on
10 country reports and profiles (see Annex B) prepared by the following local experts:
Abdul Majid Abdul Ghani (Lebanon), Khayri Abushowayb (West Bank and Gaza Strip),
Fusun Akkök (Turkey), Aboubakr Badawi (Egypt), Benny A. Benjamin (Israel),
Abdassalem Bouaich (Morocco), Améziane Djenkal (Algeria), Issa Maldaoun (Syria),
Nader Mryyan (Jordan), and Saïd Ben Sedrine (Tunisia). The report takes into account
developments reported by the 10 countries and territories up to the end of 2006.
Both the analysis and the network of career guidance policy-makers covered the
whole region. By early 2007 the work had already stimulated interesting follow-up
initiatives, for example in Egypt, Jordan and Morocco.
We believe that this cross-country report will allow both policy-makers and
practitioners to further develop national career guidance systems and structures, as well
as to better relate and benchmark their activities within the international context, based on
a shared vision within the Mediterranean region and with the European Union.
The ETF will actively seek opportunities for further support to Mediterranean
Partners on the topic of career guidance, both at institutional level and by creating
synergies with other donor activities. Meanwhile the current virtual community on career
guidance, hosted by the ETF, will continue to assist in networking between Mediterranean
Partners to ensure the exchange of expertise and views.peer-reviewe
Career development and public policy
The rationale for policy interest in career development services, and the way in which this rationale is being strengthened by the current transformations in work and career, are discussed. The potential roles of public policy in relation to career development services are explored, along with ways in which such services can influence the policy-making process. A range of policy issues related to making career development services available to all throughout life are identified: these include the nature of such services, where they are to be located, and who is to pay for them. It is argued that there is a need for stronger structures and processes to bring together career development practitioners with policy-makers and other stakeholder interests in order to address tasks of common concern, at both national and international levels.Facultad de PsicologÃ
Careers guidance: an international perspective
The rationales for comparative studies of guidance systems are outlined. The key differences between guidance systems in different countries can be related to stage of economic development, to the political system, to social and cultural factors, to the education and training system, and to professional and organisational structures. The competing pressures towards convergence and divergence between guidance systems are explored.This paper has been adapted from a chapter on "International Perspectives" in Watts, A. G., Law, B., Killeen, J., Kidd, J.M., and Hawthorn, R. (1996). Rethinking Careers Education and Guidance: Theory, Policy and Practice. London: Routledge.Departamento de PsicologÃ
Desarrollo vocacional y polÃtica pública
El trabajo analiza la base para el interés polÃtico en los servicios de desarrollo vocacional, y la manera en la cual esta base está siendo fortalecida por las actuales transformaciones en el trabajo y en el desarrollo vocacional. Se exploran los papeles potenciales de la polÃtica pública en los servicios de desarrollo vocacional asà como las formas en las que dichos servicios pueden influenciar el proceso de la creación de polÃticas. Se identifican una gama de temas de polÃtica relacionados con los servicios de desarrollo vocacional disponibles para todos a lo largo de toda la vida: estos incluyen la naturaleza de ese tipo de servicios, dónde deben situarse, y quién debe pagar por ellos. Se sostiene que existe la necesidad de estructuras y procesos más fuertes a fin de reunir a quienes hacen del desarrollo vocacional su profesión habitual y a quienes hacen las polÃticas y a otros grupos interesados para estudiar tareas de interés común, tanto en el nivel nacional como en el internacional.Departamento de PsicologÃ
Careers guidance: an international perspective
The rationales for comparative studies of guidance systems are outlined. The key differences between guidance systems in different countries can be related to stage of economic development, to the political system, to social and cultural factors, to the education and training system, and to professional and organisational structures. The competing pressures towards convergence and divergence between guidance systems are explored
Orientación vocacional: una perspectiva internacional
Se bosquejan las bases lógicas para los estudios comparativos de los sistemas de orientación. Las diferencias fundamentales entre sistemas de orientación en distintos paÃses pueden relacionarse con el estado de desarrollo económico, con el sistema polÃtico, con factores sociales y culturales, con la educación y los sistemas de capacitación, y con las estructuras profesionales y organizativas. Se exploran las presiones en conflicto hacia la convergencia y divergencia entre los sistemas de orientación.Departamento de PsicologÃ
Tackling unemployment, supporting business and developing careers
The issue of unemployment remains high on the political agenda. However, there is evidence that employers can be wary of employing people who are out of work. Employer practice is key, both in terms of providing employment opportunities to job seekers, and in providing space for low-skilled people to develop their skills and cement their attachment to the labour market. This report discusses the role of career guidance in mediating between job seekers and employers to allow both to achieve their objectives.The issue of unemployment remains high on the political agenda. However, there is evidence that employers can be wary of employing people who are out of work. Employer practice is key, both in terms of providing employment opportunities to job seekers, and in providing space for low-skilled people to develop their skills and cement their attachment to the labour market. This report discusses the role of career guidance in mediating between job seekers and employers to allow both to achieve their objectives
Designing Next-Generation Local Drug Delivery Vehicles for Glioblastoma Adjuvant Chemotherapy: Lessons from the Clinic.
To date, the clinical outcomes and survival rates for patients with glioblastoma (GB) remain poor. A promising approach to disease-modification involves local delivery of adjuvant chemotherapy into the resection cavity, thus circumventing the restrictions imposed by the blood-brain barrier. The clinical performance of the only FDA-approved local therapy for GB [carmustine (BCNU)-loaded polyanhydride wafers], however, has been disappointing. There is an unmet medical need in the local treatment of GB for drug delivery vehicles that provide sustained local release of small molecules and combination drugs over several months. Herein, key quantitative lessons from the use of local and systemic adjuvant chemotherapy for GB in the clinic are outlined, and it is discussed how these can inform the development of next-generation therapies. Several recent approaches are highlighted, and it is proposed that long-lasting soft materials can capture the value of stiff BCNU-loaded wafers while addressing a number of unmet medical needs. Finally, it is suggested that improved communication between materials scientists, biomedical scientists, and clinicians may facilitate translation of these materials into the clinic and ultimately lead to improved clinical outcomes.The Winston Churchill Foundation of the United State
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