Does thromboprophylaxis reduce symptomatic venous thromboembolism in patients with below knee cast treatment for foot and ankle trauma? A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background Our aim was to determine the evidence for thromboprophylaxis for prevention of symptomatic venous thromboembolism (VTE) in adults with foot or ankle trauma treated with below knee cast or splint. Our secondary aim was to report major bleeding events. Methods MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched for randomized controlled trials from inception to 1st June 2015. Results Seven studies were included. All focused on low molecular weight heparin (LMWH). None found a statistically significant symptomatic DVT reduction individually. At meta-analysis LMWH was protective against symptomatic DVT (OR 0.29, 95% CI 0.09–0.95). Symptomatic pulmonary embolism affected 3/692 (0.43%). None were fatal. 86 patients required LMWH thromboprophylaxis to prevent one symptomatic DVT event. The overall incidence of major bleeding was 1 in 886 (0.11%). Conclusions Low molecular weight heparin reduces the incidence of symptomatic VTE in adult patients with foot or ankle trauma treated with below knee cast or splint

A critical evaluation of venous thromboembolism risk assessment models used in patients with lower limb cast immobilisation

Background There is a recognised link between lower limb cast immobilisation and the development of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Our aim was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of risk assessment models (RAMs) applicable to this patient group. This has not been done before. Methods A literature and guideline review identified five RAMs. They were used to retrospectively risk assess a consecutive series of patients who were diagnosed with symptomatic VTE following lower limb injury treated with a cast (Group I). A case-matched cohort who did not suffer symptomatic VTE (Group II) was also retrospectively risk assessed. The RAMs’ diagnostic performance indicators were calculated. Results Groups I and II consisted of 21 patients each. There was no significant difference in the mean age or total number of VTE risk factors between Groups I and II (p = .957 and p = .878 respectively). The Plymouth (2010) RAM achieved the highest accuracy (54.8%). Conclusions Each RAM demonstrated significant limitations. Two displayed very limited clinical utility. Three recommended chemical thromboprophylaxis to all patients because they weighted lower limb immobilisation as an absolute risk factor for the development of VTE. Cast immobilisation should not be considered an absolute risk factor when risk assessing patients who all have casts. Prospective evaluation with a larger patient cohort is required

Iconic prosody in story reading

Recent experiments have shown that people iconically modulate their prosody corresponding with the meaning of their utterance (e.g., Shintel et al., 2006). This article reports findings from a story reading task that expands the investigation of iconic prosody to abstract meanings in addition to concrete ones. Participants read stories that contrasted along concrete and abstract semantic dimensions of speed (e.g., a fast drive, slow career progress) and size (e.g., a small grasshopper,an important contract). Participants read fast stories at a faster rate than slow stories, and big stories with a lower pitch than small stories. The effect of speed was distributed across the stories,including portions that were identical across stories, whereas the size effect was localized to size related words. Overall, these findings enrich the documentation of iconicity in spoken language and bear on our understanding of the relationship between gesture and speech