SUMOylation of xeroderma pigmentosum group C protein regulates DNA damage recognition during nucleotide excision repair

The xeroderma pigmentosum group C (XPC) protein complex is a key factor that detects DNA damage and initiates nucleotide excision repair (NER) in mammalian cells. Although biochemical and structural studies have elucidated the interaction of XPC with damaged DNA, the mechanism of its regulation in vivo remains to be understood in more details. Here, we show that the XPC protein undergoes modification by small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) proteins and the lack of this modification compromises the repair of UV-induced DNA photolesions. In the absence of SUMOylation, XPC is normally recruited to the sites with photolesions, but then immobilized profoundly by the UV-damaged DNA-binding protein (UV-DDB) complex. Since the absence of UV-DDB alleviates the NER defect caused by impaired SUMOylation of XPC, we propose that this modification is critical for functional interactions of XPC with UV-DDB, which facilitate the efficient damage handover between the two damage recognition factors and subsequent initiation of NER

Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) Associated with Resistance to a Monogenean Parasite (<i>Benedenia seriolae</i>) in Yellowtail (<i>Seriola quinqueradiata</i>) through Genome Wide Analysis

<div><p>Benedenia infections caused by the monogenean fluke ectoparasite <i>Benedenia seriolae</i> seriously impact marine finfish aquaculture. Genetic variation has been inferred to play a significant role in determining the susceptibility to this parasitic disease. To evaluate the genetic basis of Benedenia disease resistance in yellowtail (<i>Seriola quinqueradiata</i>), a genome-wide and chromosome-wide linkage analyses were initiated using F₁ yellowtail families (n = 90 per family) based on a high-density linkage map with 860 microsatellite and 142 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Two major quantitative trait loci (QTL) regions on linkage groups Squ2 (<i>BDR-1</i>) and Squ20 (<i>BDR-2</i>) were identified. These QTL regions explained 32.9–35.5% of the phenotypic variance. On the other hand, we investigated the relationship between QTL for susceptibility to <i>B. seriolae</i> and QTL for fish body size. The QTL related to growth was found on another linkage group (Squ7). As a result, this is the first genetic evidence that contributes to detailing phenotypic resistance to Benedenia disease, and the results will help resolve the mechanism of resistance to this important parasitic infection of yellowtail.</p></div

Recognition of the insecurity faced by secondary education school teachers’ engagement in collaborative learning and its effectiveness : Examination of the descriptive data about teachers’ and students’ view;

The purposes of this research were 1) to reveal the perception of anxiety faced by teachers using the method of collaborative learning in the classroom and 2) to clarify the perception of how effective collaborative learning is for both teachers and students. A descriptive survey was completed by all teachers working in the school, who were classified into three category-groups: anxiety about using collaborative learning in teaching, effective ways of using the method, and how they put the method into practice. These data were obtained for a qualitative analysis. Also, a descriptive survey was taken by all students attending the school in grades 7 through 12. The question items included the definition of collaborative learning, its objective, situations in which it is effective, and teachers\u27anxiety about the method. From these surveys, we found that there were two types of anxiety faced by teachers: anxiety regarding the effectiveness of collaborative learning for the students and anxiety about using the collaborative learning model as their teaching method. The former includes concern about students\u27relationships in group-making and anxiety involving the limitations of the method of collaborative learning. The latter includes anxiety concerning the effects of collaborative learning, its assessment, and the practice itself. Opinions on the effectiveness of collaborative learning were divided between students and teachers. The former address acquiring one\u27s perspective and attitudes toward learning, building relationships, emotional stability, and understanding methods of learning and ways of thinking. The latter focus on the merit of using the method in teaching, the potential for assignment-setting with this method, and recognition of situations in which it is effective

Multiple QTL model mapping results of the significant markers for Benedenia disease resistance in linkage group 2 and 20 in family A.

<p>Locus; marker name, LOD; Lod scores, % Var; percent of variance explained, Effect; estimated effect. Squ(linkage group)F; F is dam allele in female linkage group. Values in bold are LOD max in peak of each QTL marker position and each value.</p