A European tool for usual intake distribution estimation in relation to data collection by EFSA

The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). In accordance with Article 36 of Regulation (EC) No 178/2002, this task has been carried out exclusively by the author(s) in the context of a grant agreement between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s). The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It cannot be considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European Food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors

A Unified Thermal-Reactive Compositional Simulation Framework for Modeling CO₂ Sequestration at Various Scales

In this work, we present a unified framework for the simulation of CO2 sequestration problems at various time and space scales. The parametrization technique utilizes thermodynamic state-dependent operators expressing the governing equations for the thermal-compositional-reactive system to solve the nonlinear problem. This approach provides flexibility in the assembly of the Jacobian, which allows straightforward implementation of advanced thermodynamics. We validate our simulation framework through several simulation studies including complex physical phenomena relevant to CCUS. The proposed simulation framework is validated against a set of numerical and experimental benchmark tests, demonstrating the efficiency and accuracy of the modeling framework for CCUS-related subsurface applications. Important physical phenomena resulting from the complex thermodynamic interactions of CO2 and impurities with reservoir fluids can be accurately captured now in detailed dynamic simulation. The investigated simulation scenarios include a reproduction of lab experiments at the core scale, investigation of macro-scale analog model and simulation of large-scale industrial application. The simulation time can also span from hours to years among various applications. Complex thermal-compositional-reactive phenomena can be addressed at each of these space and time scales. The unified thermodynamic description allows us to perform all these simulations for a reasonable CPU time due to advanced parametrization techniques and efficient GPU capabilities in our in-house reservoir simulator DARTS.Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.Reservoir Engineerin

A European tool for usual intake distribution estimation in relation to data collection by EFSA

The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). In accordance with Article 36 of Regulation (EC) No 178/2002, this task has been carried out exclusively by the author(s) in the context of a grant agreement between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s). The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It cannot be considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European Food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors

Exposure assessment of food additives with use levels provided by industry : A pilot study

Door gebruik te maken van door de voedingsindustrie aangeleverde gegevens kan de blootstelling aan kleurstoffen nauwkeuriger worden geschat. Het RIVM concludeert dit na een pilotstudy waarin de blootstelling van Nederlandse kinderen aan twee kleurstoffen geschat wordt met behulp van door fabrikanten opgegeven gebruikte hoeveelheden in voedingsproducten. De aanleiding voor deze studie was dat blootstelling aan additieven vaak wordt overschat. Voorheen werden voor de schatting van inname van additieven vaak de maximaal toegestane hoeveelheden voor een product gebruikt, die meestal hoger zijn dan de door de fabrikanten gebruikte hoeveelheden. Daarnaast was vaak een uitgangspunt dat deze hoeveelheden voor de gehele voedselcategorie (zoals alle soepen) gelden, in plaats van voor bepaalde typen producten (zoals tomatensoep). In het huidige onderzoek zijn de specifieke gegevens van de producttypen gebruikt. De nieuwe data van de hoeveelheden kleurstoffen zijn vervolgens gekoppeld aan de mate waarin mensen kleurstofbevattende producten consumeren. Deze laatste gegevens zijn ontleend aan de consumptiedata uit de Voedselconsumptiepeiling onder jonge kinderen (2005/2006). Met deze methode worden de blootstellingschattingen naar verwachting lager en realistischer. Dit onderzoek is in samenwerking met de industrie uitgevoerd op initiatief van de Federatie Nederlandse Levensmiddelen Industrie (FNLI) en het ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport (VWS). Hiervoor heeft de industrie data aangeleverd van het gebruik van de kleurstoffen E120 (karmijnrood) en E133 (briljantblauw) in voedselproducten. Deze data blijken geschikt te zijn om de blootstelling te monitoren, op voorwaarde dat ze de in Nederland veel geconsumeerde voedselproducten goed vertegenwoordigen. Daarnaast is een goede communicatie tussen het RIVM en de industrie belangrijk om eventuele onduidelijkheden in de verkregen data op te helderen. De methode lijkt bruikbaar om uiteenlopende additieven te kunnen monitoren en kan in principe door alle Europese lidstaten worden gebruikt. Dit onderzoek is uitgevoerd in een publiek-private samenwerking.The exposure levels to food colourings can be assessed more accurately by using data forthcoming from the food industry. This is the conclusion made by the RIVM from a pilot study in which the dietary intake of two food colourings was estimated using the used levels as provided by manufacturers. The reason for initiating this study was the frequent overestimation of exposure to additives in food. Previously, maximum permitted levels (MPLs) were used in the assessment, but these are often higher than the actual levels used. In addition, it was assumed that the amounts of food colouring used covered an entire food category (e.g. all soups) instead of one specific product (e.g. tomato soup). In the present study, data on specific products were used. These data were subsequently linked to the consumption of foods containing the food colouring. Food consumption information was derived from the Dutch National Food Consumption Survey (DNFCS)- Young Children 2005/2006. It is expected that this new assessment method will result in lower and more realistic exposure estimates. This pilot study was carried out on the initiative of the Federation of the Dutch Food and Grocery Industry (FNLI) and the Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport (VWS). The industry reported used levels of the food colourings E120 (Carmine red) and E133 (Brilliant blue). The reported data were considered suitable for the assessment of exposure levels provided that they were sufficiently representative for the foods consumed in the Netherlands. Furthermore, the possibility of communicating with food manufacturers is a prerequisite for success as questions on the details of the levels used are likely to arise. The monitoring system could also be used to assess levels of other groups of additives and can be adapted for use in other European Member States. This study was carried out in a public private partnership.VW

Steviol glycosiden in voedingsmiddelen : blootstellingsscenarios en beoordeling van gezondheidseffecten

Het gebruik van steviol glycosiden (extracten van de Stevia plant) als zoetstof in voedingsmiddelen is recent goedgekeurd door de Europese Commissie. De marktintroductie van deze producten zal waarschijnlijk niet leiden tot een gezondheidsprobleem in Nederland. Echter, extreme gebruikers van producten die gezoet worden met steviol glycosides zouden de ADI kunnen overschrijden. De potentiële toekomstige blootstelling van Nederlandse kinderen aan steviol glycosides is bekeken met behulp van scenarios. Hiervoor zijn consumptiedata uit de VCP-jonge kinderen (van 2 tot 6 jaar), de EC lijst met maximaal toegestane hoeveelheden en de producten waarin stevia is toegestaan gebruikt. Naast een 'worst case' scenario zijn ook scenarios met marktaandelen berekend. Bij het 10% marktaandeel scenario was de blootstelling van kinderen aan steviol glycosiden 1.7 mg/kg lichaamsgewicht per dag op het 95e percentiel en de ADI van 4 mg/kg lichaamsgewicht per dag werd overschreden door 0.3% van de kinderen. Limonades en frisdranken droegen het meest bij aan de blootstelling. Uit een literatuurstudie naar de gezondheidseffecten van steviol glycosiden werd geconcludeerd dat er weinig informatie beschikbaar is over effecten die optreden in combinatie met andere zoetstoffen. Echter, op basis van de aanwezige informatie worden geen nadelige effecten verwacht. Monitoring van de blootstelling aan zoetstoffen wordt geadviseerd, zodat potentiële problemen in de toekomst tijdig gesignaleerd en voorkomen kunnen worden.Market introduction of products sweetened with steviol glycosides (extracts from the Stevia plant), as recently authorized by the European Committee, is not likely to create a serious health problem in the Netherlands. However, extreme consumers of products sweetened with steviol glycosides may exceed the acceptable daily intake (ADI). The potential future exposure of children in the Netherlands to steviol glycosides is explored by means of scenarios. These comprised observational intake data from the DNFCS-young children (aged 2 to 6 years), the EC list of food products that are authorized to contain steviol glycosides and the maximum permitted levels for these products. Besides a worst case scenario, a 10% market share scenario was calculated. In this scenario, dietary exposure to steviol glycosides in children aged 2 to 6 years was 1.7 mg/kg bodyweight per day at the 95th percentile (expressed as steviol equivalents) and the ADI (4 mg/kg bodyweight per day) was exceeded by 0.3% of the children. The most important contributors to exposure to steviol glycosides in children were water-based flavoured drinks. From a literature study on health effects it was concluded that little data exist on interactive effects of sweeteners, but from what is available interactive adverse effects are not expected. It is advised to monitor exposure to all sweeteners, so that potential problems in the future can be foreseen and acted upon.NVW