Early prenatal morphine exposure impairs performance of learning tasks and attenuates in vitro heterosynaptic long-term potentiation of intermediate medial mesopallium in day-old chicks

Based on our previous findings in day-old chicks with prenatal morphine-treated, embryonic days 5-8 is crucial for functional development of learning and memory, the underlying structure and cellular mechanisms were further explored. The prenatal morphine-exposed chicks showed deficits in passive avoidance learning and conditioned place preference, and attenuation in paired-pulse facilitation and heterosynaptic long-term potentiation in intermediate medial mesopallium (IMM) in vitro. These results suggest the altered synaptic plasticity of IMM by prenatal morphine exposure is involved in behavioral impairments. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Early prenatal morphine exposure impairs performance of learning tasks and attenuates in vitro heterosynaptic long-term potentiation of intermediate medial mesopallium in day-old chicks

Based on our previous findings in day-old chicks with prenatal morphine-treated, embryonic days 5-8 is crucial for functional development of learning and memory, the underlying structure and cellular mechanisms were further explored. The prenatal morphine-exposed chicks showed deficits in passive avoidance learning and conditioned place preference, and attenuation in paired-pulse facilitation and heterosynaptic long-term potentiation in intermediate medial mesopallium (IMM) in vitro. These results suggest the altered synaptic plasticity of IMM by prenatal morphine exposure is involved in behavioral impairments. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Early childhood education and care for Tibetan children in the People's Republic of China: Left behind or led from behind?

Early Childhood Education and Care provision has been expanded in the People's Republlc of China over the last decades.For this expansion to harmonize with young children's rights,special measures should ensure that the system of provision guarantees the participation and inclusion of the most vulnerable citizens. With this as a focus, this article reviews and discusses the state of Early Childhood Education and Care provision for young children of Tibetan ethnicity in People's Republic of China. The available literature and ongoing measures and plans are explored around this topic in order to identify the main issues