Avanços e desafios da Nova Sociologia Econômica: notas sobre os estudos sociológicos do mercado

The essay analyzes the first phase of the New EconomicSociology through the revision of four approaches that framed thestudies of market transactions. The argument is that these studies havedeparted from the Neoclassical Theory and founded their new identityin opposition to the Methodological Individualism. Now the challengeis to advance the sociological analysis of the economic relationshipsbeyond the statement that the economic sphere is socially constructed,that social institutions and social structure are important to economicactions and that rationality is just one type of behavior among others.Finally, it discusses some questions that are part of the agenda of theNew Economic Sociology and the main concepts of the NetworkAnalysis.Le texte analyse la première phase de la nouvelle sociologieéconomique à travers la révision des quatre visions qui marquèrent lesétudes récentes du marché. Le texte argumente que la première phasede la nouvelle sociologie économique fut caractérisée par la rupturedu pacte parsonnien d’entente pacifique avec la théorie néo-classiqueet que son identité a eté définie par le fait d’être en opposition auxprésupposés de l’individualisme méthodologique. Le défi actuel de lanouvelle sociologie économique est d’avancer dans l’analyse desrelations économiques au delà des affirmations qui disent que la sphèreéconomique est socialement construite, que les structures sociales etles institutions sont importantes pour l’action économique, et que larationalité est une façon de comportement parmi d’autres. Finalementle texte porte sur quelques questions qui font partie des thèmesd’actualité de la nouvelle sociologie économique et des principauxconcepts de l’analyse des réseaux (network analysis).O texto analisa a primeira fase da Nova SociologiaEconômica através da revisão dos quatro enfoques quemarcaram os estudos recentes do mercado. Essa primeira fasecaracterizou-se pelo rompimento do pacto parsoniano deconvívio pacífico com a teoria neoclássica e fundamentou suaidentidade em contraposição aos pressupostos doindividualismo metodológico. O desafio atual da NovaSociologia Econômica é avançar a análise das relaçõeseconômicas além das afirmações de que a esfera econômicaestá socialmente construída, que as estruturas sociais einstituições são importantes para a ação econômica e que aracionalidade é uma modalidade de comportamento entreoutras. Discute algumas questões que são parte da agenda atualda nova Sociologia Econômica e os conceitos centrais danetwork analysis

Prácticas estatales y el ejercicio de la ciudadanía: encuentros de la población con la burocracia en Bolivia

El documento analiza tanto las prácticas estatales que limitan o profundizan la vivencia de la ciudadanía como las estrategias de la población para ejercer derechos. El trabajo se lleva acabo a través de una etnografía sobre los encuentros de la población boliviana con las burocracias estatales encargadas de la dotación de los documentos de identificación civil a individuos (carnet de identidad) o a asociaciones (personería jurídica)

Etnografías del Estado en América Latina.

Presentación del Dossier: En la última década, varios de los países de sudamérica se han embarcado no sólo en reformas constitucionales sino en asambleas constituyentes que han buscado modificar de manera más o menos profunda, más o menos radical, la estructura estatal. Se ha ido en dirección de rediseñar las instituciones del Estado pero sobre todo, replantear las relaciones entre este y diversos grupos sociales, principalmente los más excluidos.Introductio to the Dossie

Mepolizumab in Hypereosinophilic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of mepolizumab (MEP) in the management of hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES). A systematic search was performed, and articles published until March 2021 were analyzed. The primary efficacy results evaluated were hospitalization rate related to HES, morbidity (new or worsening), relapses/failure, treatment-related adverse effects, prednisone dosage ≤10 mg/day for ≥8 weeks, and eosinophil count <600/μL for ≥8 weeks. A meta-analysis was conducted, when appropriate. Three randomized controlled trials (RCTs), with a total of 255 patients, were included. The studies contemplated the use of MEP 300 mg/SC or 750 mg/IV. According to the evaluation of the proposed outcomes, when relapse rates/therapeutic failures were assessed, there was a 26% reduction with MEP 300 mg/SC (RD=-0.26; 95% CI: -0.44 to -0.08; p=0.04) and 48% reduction with MEP 750 mg/IV (RD=-0.48; 95% CI: -0.67, -0.30; p<0.00001). For the outcomes, prednisone dosage ≤10 mg/day for ≥8 weeks was 48% (RD=0.48; 95% CI: 0.35 to 0.62; p<0.00001), and the eosinophil count <600/μL for ≥8 weeks was 51% (RD=0.51; 95% CI: 0.38 to 0.63; p<0.00001), both showed a reduction with MEP 300 mg/IV and 750 mg/IV. No statistically significant differences in treatment-related adverse effects outcomes were observed for either dosage (RD=0.09; 95% CI: -0.05 to 0.24; p=0.20; RD=0.09; 95% CI: -0.11 to 0.29; p=0.39). Despite the positive effects observed for the studied outcomes, the exact significance remains unclear

In Vivo Detection of External Apical Root Resorption Induced by Apical Periodontitis Using Periapical Radiography and Cone-Beam Computed Tomography

Objective: To compare the accuracy of periapical radiography (PR) and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) for the detection of external apical root resorption (EARR) due to root canal contamination. Material and Methods: Dog’s teeth with experimentally induced root resorption due to root canal contamination underwent or not root canal treatment (n=62). True positives (TP), false positives (FP), true negatives (TN), and false negatives (FN) in PR and CBCT diagnoses were determined using histopathologic findings as the gold standard. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and diagnostic accuracy (TP + TN) in the diagnosis of EARR were calculated. Data were compared using chi-squared test (⍺=0.05). Results: EARR was detected in 35% of roots by PR, in 47% by CBCT, and in 50% of the roots by microscopy (p=0.03 PR versus microscopy; p=0.67 CBCT versusmicroscopy). Overall, CBCT produced more accurate diagnoses than PR (p=0.008). PR and CBCT allowed the identification of large resorption in 100% of the cases and showed the same accuracy. However, for small resorptions, PR showed an accuracy of 0.83, whereas CBCT showed an accuracy of 0.96 (p=0.003). Conclusion: Cone-beam computed tomography showed higher accuracy in detecting external apical root resorption of endodontic origin

Masticatory Function and Nutritional Status in Brazilian Institutionalized Elders: Influence of Denture Use

Objective: To evaluate the influence of tooth loss and the use of removable dentures on chewing function and nutritional status of institutionalized elders. Material and Methods: Cross-sectional study with 155 elders from seven long-stay institutions in João Pessoa, Brazil. The participants were classified according to the presence of reminiscent teeth and use of dentures in four levels: toothless, without denture (1); toothless with a complete denture (2); partial toothless without denture (3) and partial toothless with a partial denture (4). Nutritional status was assessed using the Mini-Nutritional Assessment (MNA) instrument and the Body Mass Index (BMI). Swallowing threshold was used for the assessment of masticatory function, using a portion of roasted peanuts (3.7 g). Comparisons among groups were performed using Kruskal-Wallis test with Bonferroni adjustment, considering p<0.05. Results: MNA (p=0.702) and BMI (p=0.884) were not modified in relation to the presence of teeth and denture use. Toothless individuals without dentures had a lower swallowing threshold (p<0.001), whilst partial toothless with dentures had better masticatory function (p>0.05). Conclusion: The presence of reminiscent teeth and the use of dentures do not influence the nutritional status of the elders but interfere with the masticatory function. Prosthetic rehabilitation is desirable for complete toothless individuals

Periapical bone response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide is shifted upon cyclooxygenase blockage

Objectives: Infection, inflammation and bone resorption are closely related events in apical periodontitis development. Therefore, we sought to investigate the role of cyclooxygenase (COX) in osteoclastogenesis and bone metabolism signaling in periapical bone tissue after bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) inoculation into root canals. Methodology: Seventy two C57BL/6 mice had the root canals of the first molars inoculated with a solution containing LPS from E. coli (1.0 mg/mL) and received selective (celecoxib) or non-selective (indomethacin) COX-2 inhibitor. After 7, 14, 21 and 28 days the animals were euthanized and the tissues removed for total RNA extraction. Evaluation of gene expression was performed by qRT-PCR. Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by post-tests (α=0.05). Results: LPS induced expression of mRNA for COX-2 (Ptgs2) and PGE2 receptors (Ptger1, Ptger3 and Ptger4), indicating that cyclooxygenase is involved in periapical response to LPS. A signaling that favours bone resorption was observed because Tnfsf11 (RANKL), Vegfa, Ctsk, Mmp9, Cd36, Icam, Vcam1, Nfkb1 and Sox9 were upregulated in response to LPS. Indomethacin and celecoxib differentially modulated expression of osteoclastogenic and other bone metabolism genes: celecoxib downregulated Igf1r, Ctsk, Mmp9, Cd36, Icam1, Nfkb1, Smad3, Sox9, Csf3, Vcam1 and Itga3 whereas indomethacin inhibited Tgfbr1, Igf1r, Ctsk, Mmp9, Sox9, Cd36 and Icam1. Conclusions: We demonstrated that gene expression for COX-2 and PGE2 receptors was upregulated after LPS inoculation into the root canals. Additionally, early administration of indomethacin and celecoxib (NSAIDs) inhibited osteoclastogenic signaling. The relevance of the cyclooxygenase pathway in apical periodontitis was shown by a wide modulation in the expression of genes involved in both bone catabolism and anabolism

Root canal contamination or exposure to lipopolysaccharide differentially modulate prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene B4 signaling in apical periodontitis

Purpose: To evaluate the kinetics of apical periodontitis development in vivo , induced either by contamination of the root canals by microorganisms from the oral cavity or by inoculation of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the regulation of major enzymes and receptors involved in the arachidonic acid metabolism. Methodology: Apical periodontitis was induced in C57BL6 mice (n=96), by root canal exposure to oral cavity (n=48 teeth) or inoculation of LPS (10 µL of a suspension of 0.1 µg/µL) from E. coli into the root canals (n= 48 teeth). Healthy teeth were used as control (n=48 teeth). After 7, 14, 21 and 28 days the animals were euthanized and tissues removed for histopathological and qRT-PCR analyses. Histological analysis data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA followed by Sidak’s test, and qRT-PCR data using two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test (α=0.05). Results: Contamination by microorganisms led to the development of apical periodontitis, characterized by the recruitment of inflammatory cells and bone tissue resorption, whereas inoculation of LPS induced inflammatory cells recruitment without bone resorption. Both stimuli induced mRNA expression for cyclooxygenase-2 and 5-lipoxygenase enzymes. Expression of prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene B4 cell surface receptors were more stimulated by LPS. Regarding nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR), oral contamination induced the synthesis of mRNA for PPARδ, differently from inoculation of LPS, that induced PPARα and PPARγ expression. Conclusions: Contamination of the root canals by microorganisms from oral cavity induced the development of apical periodontitis differently than by inoculation with LPS, characterized by less bone loss than the first model. Regardless of the model used, it was found a local increase in the synthesis of mRNA for the enzymes 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase-2 of the arachidonic acid metabolism, as well as in the surface and nuclear receptors for the lipid mediators prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene B4