An automated framework for software test oracle

Context: One of the important issues of software testing is to provide an automated test oracle. Test oracles are reliable sources of how the software under test must operate. In particular, they are used to evaluate the actual results that produced by the software. However, in order to generate an automated test oracle, oracle challenges need to be addressed. These challenges are output-domain generation, input domain to output domain mapping, and a comparator to decide on the accuracy of the actual outputs. Objective: This paper proposes an automated test oracle framework to address all of these challenges. Method: I/O Relationship Analysis is used to generate the output domain automatically and Multi-Networks Oracles based on artificial neural networks are introduced to handle the second challenge. The last challenge is addressed using an automated comparator that adjusts the oracle precision by defining the comparison tolerance. The proposed approach was evaluated using an industry strength case study, which was injected with some faults. The quality of the proposed oracle was measured by assessing its accuracy, precision, misclassification error and practicality. Mutation testing was considered to provide the evaluation framework by implementing two different versions of the case study: a Golden Version and a Mutated Version. Furthermore, a comparative study between the existing automated oracles and the proposed one is provided based on which challenges they can automate. Results: Results indicate that the proposed approach automated the oracle generation process 97% in this experiment. Accuracy of the proposed oracle was up to 98.26%, and the oracle detected up to 97.7% of the injected faults. Conclusion: Consequently, the results of the study highlight the practicality of the proposed oracle in addition to the automation it offers

Passenger Car Equivalents And Saturation Flow Rates For Through Vehicles At Signalized Intersections In Malaysia.

Passenger car equivalents are used to represent the varying effects of mixed vehicle types on saturation flows by converting a traffic stream comprising of various vehicle types into an equivalent traffic stream comprising entirely of passenger cars

Assessing the Effect of Digital Social Media towards Face to Face Communication during Pandemic COVID-19 in Higher Educational Institutions

This paper will assess the effect of social media on face-to-face (F2F) communication among students in a higher education institution. Previous scholars found that social media is a platform to connect people, especially in the current pandemic COVID-19. However, another study has shown the negative effect of social media among university students because it hampers students' real-life experiences. A literature survey has been selected to explore the effect of social media on F2F communication among students in a higher education institution. This paper also highlights the significant role of social media in higher education institutions during the pandemic of Covid19. Keywords: F2F communication, social media, Social Networking Sites (SNS), technology eISSN: 2398-4287 © 2022. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by E-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open-access article under the CC  BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under the responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behavior Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioral Researchers on Asians), and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behavior Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia

Technology advancement in vehicle monitoring system for accident prevention

Significant development in urbanized cities causes vehicle ownership to grow with rapid rate. As a result, the saturation of vehicle in dense cities leads to insufficient transportation infrastructure, which causes an increase in road accident occurrences. The condition of vehicle and driver such as poor engine operation system, speeding, reckless driving, drowsy driving, drunken driving are the factors of accidents. Vehicle monitoring system is thus very important to be deployed as an effort for accident prevention to reduce the number of road accidents. This paper reviews the recent progress and development of technologies in vehicle monitoring system for accident prevention. Various technologies in the system include Global Positioning System (GPS), Geographical Information System (GIS), Global System for Mobile (GSM), General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), image processing, Fuzzy Logic, data fusion and so forth. The issues and challenges in vehicle monitoring system are also presented in this paper

Mechanical Properties and Morphology of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch-Polypropylene Composites: Effect of Adding ENGAGE TM 7467.

Composites of polypropylene and oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) were prepared by melt blending using ENGAGE™ 7467 (polyolefin elastomer) as an impact modifier. ENGAGE™ 7467 is a polyolefin elastomer. The mechanical properties and morphology of composites have been studied. Tensile tests showed that addition of ENGAGE™ 7467 improved the elasticity of the composite, thus reducing the stiffness of the composites but no significant changes on tensile strength. The impact strength was also improved with the addition of ENGAGE™ 7467, but no significant effect on flexural test was observed. This result indicates that the ENGAGE™ 7467 forms a flexible interphase around the OPEFB particles, giving the composites better impact strength for both notched and unnotched samples without degrading the fiber and matrix interaction. The ENGAGE™ 7467 composites characterized using Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy showed that there is no shifting of peaks, indicating that the addition of ENGAGE™ 7467 does not affect the interaction between matrix and filler

Shear strength evaluation of composite pavement with geotextile as reinforcement at the interface

This research was conducted to investigate the shear strength at the interface between polymer concrete and asphalt concrete with geotextile as reinforcement at the interface of these two types of concrete. The samples were tested for the parameters of different surface conditions [rough and smooth], curing types [room and thermal curing], temperature effect and the impact of geotextile as reinforcement. To investigate the correlation between these parameters, four different testing conditions were implemented. The results showed a significant improvement of shear strength for rough surface sample as compared to smooth surface sample. Moreover, samples cured in oven had lower shear strength as compared to samples cured in room condition. Besides that, high temperature has an adverse impact on the shear strength at the interface between polymer concrete and asphalt concrete due to the weakening of asphalt concrete at high temperature. As for samples reinforced with geotextile, the shear strength resistance was better as compared to unreinforced samples. Through visual observation, the types of failure under all testing conditions were mixed failure mode

Polishing resistance of polymer concrete pavement using limestone aggregate

The purpose of this research was to investigate the polishing resistance of uncoated and resin-coated specimens under polishing and chemical attack. Low-quality aggregate, limestone and orthophthalic unsaturated polyester resin were the main materials. From the analysis, the macrotexture was reduced from the coarser aggregate to finer aggregate mix proportion. Resin-coated specimen was more polishing resistant than the uncoated specimen. Thickness reduction for resin-coated specimen was 1.8% after 9 h polishing, while the thickness reduction for uncoated specimen was 1.9% after 6 h polishing. In comparison with the uncoated specimen, the British pendulum number (BPN) of resincoated specimen under dry and wet conditions was 8% higher and 16% lower, respectively. For the chemical resistant investigation, the immerging mediums used were water, sulphuric acid, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide and used engine oil. The uncoated and resin-coated specimens were immersed into the solutions under direct immersion as well as wetting and drying for 24 weeks. Sulphuric acid and sodium hydroxide affected the BPN on both uncoated and resin-coated specimens but not for water and used engine oil, while sodium chloride only affected the BPN of the uncoated specimen

A review on recent available positioning technologies and its advancement

This paper reviews and compares the available positioning technology for location based application such as the Intelligent Transport System (ITS) and personal vehicle positioning. With the rapid growing trend of worldwide vehicle ownership, issues such as traffic congestion, environmental pollution, energy consumption and road accident cases are increasing. Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) which depends on location and positioning has been identified as one of the advocated key to resolve the issues. Global Positioning System (GPS) is one of the most promising ubiquitous positioning technologies accepted worldwide for ITS application. It is discerned that GPS alone in ITS application is not adequate since GPS faced Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) and multipath effect. New technology integrated is needed to overcome the drawback of the current system for continuous positioning; particularly important for ITS application to be fully functional. This is the significant motivation for tremendous research works had been carried out to improve the performance of positioning. In this paper, advantages and disadvantages of the recent available positioning technologies being used in the implementation of ITS such as satellite-based positioning, network-based positioning and location integration of several positioning technologies is found to be able to improve accuracy, reliability, availability and applicability of the ITS