Tonal Atonality: An Analysis of Samuel Barber\u27s Nocturne Op. 33

After the end of the Romantic era of music, one of the most infamous new compositional styles was Arnold Schoenberg’s twelve-tone technique which uses all 12 tones of the chromatic scale to form a set that is then manipulated in various ways to produce an entire piece of music. Quite frankly, the end result is difficult to listen to. Needless to say, twelve-tone technique has since fallen out of popularity. However, some composers have modified the twelve-tone technique to create music that is strikingly beautiful. Samuel Barber is one such composer. His piano piece Nocturne Op. 33 contains twelve-tone compositional techniques, but they is masterfully disguised so as to make the piece easier to listen to and understand. My analysis delves into the piece and uncovers the twelve-tone techniques employed in hopes to introduce the music of Samuel Barber to others as well as foster an appreciation for the piece itself

Sagebrush Stories

Wildlife habitat management approaches are often based on success stories we like. The justification for using fire to control juniper encroachment of sagebrush in western Oregon is well founded. Application of this approach in western Montana can have long term negative consequences because the recovery time of our plant species are much slower. Improving sage-brush habitats with fire appeals to our sense of stewardship, even though most sagebrush taxa do not have any evolutionary adaptations to fire. Management suggestions taken from other areas for residual grass heights do not match the vegetation of sage-grouse core areas in Montana because of differences in climate and plant species. Some managers suggest we need to reduce sagebrush cover to promote forb production even though this relationship has not been demonstrated in many places in Montana. We are drawn to stories that are simple and that share our view of the world. Improved management begins when we test these stories

Long-term Browsing Impacts on Montana Ungulate Ranges

Ungulate impacts on woody vegetation have been a concern on Montana wildlife habitats for more than a half-century. Fenced areas restricting access of all ungulates (exclosures) were established between 1944 and 1988 on many habitats to evaluate ungulate impacts on shrubs. Our objective was to determine the effect of long-term browsing on big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata), bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata), curlleaf mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus ledifolius) and horizontal juniper (Juniperus horizontalis). We hypothesized that the long-term effect of ungulate browsing would not impact these common shrubs. Canopy cover and density of shrubs were measured in and out of exclosures (n =14) on environmentally paired sites. Big sagebrush canopy cover, density of mature big sagebrush, and production of winter forage (n =7) were greater with protection on four sites (P ≤ 0.05). Differences were not restricted to one subspecies of big sagebrush. Bitterbrush canopy cover and density of mature shrubs (n =3) were greater with protection on two sites (P ≤ 0.05). Curlleaf mountain mahogany canopy cover (n =2) was greater with protection on both sites (P ≤ 0.05), while density of mature mahogany was greater at one site (P ≤ 0.05). Horizontal juniper cover (n =2) was greater with protection at both sites (P ≤ 0.01). We rejected our hypothesis at ten of the 14 sites evaluated. Long-term ungulate browsing has impacted shrubs at ten sites that are not geographically related. This has implications to plant communities and value of shrub habitats to wildlife

Gemini Program Launch Systems Final Report, Jan. 1962 - Dec. 1966

Management techniques used in development, systems test, and launching of Gemini launch vehicle, Gemini Agena Target Vehicle, and Atlas SLV-

Der Stand gesellschaftlicher Integration von Primanern

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Sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) Habitat in Central Montana

Greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) habitat was studied in central Montana primarily on Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt. ssp. wyomingensis Beetle and Young) dominated rangeland. The primary objective was to compare shrub and herbaceous parameters within (use, random or non-use) and between seasonal habitats (nest, brood, winter). Two study sites (Musselshell and Golden Valley counties), and 2 years (2004 and 2005) were compared. Nest, brood, and random sites were compared for herbaceous cover, and grass height. Nest, brood, random, winter use and winter non-use sites were evaluated for shrub cover, density, and height. All differences were considered significant at P ≤ 0.05. Sage-grouse nested in areas with greater total shrub cover and height, and taller live and residual grass than was randomly available. No differences were found between brood and paired random sites for any of the herbaceous or shrub parameters measured. Shrub cover and density were greater at winter use sites than non-use sites. Winter use sites had less shrub cover than nest sites. The nest and brood habitat had similar shrub cover, density, and height on the study area. Sage-grouse habitats should be managed to include sagebrush, forbs, and grass. Herbaceous vegetation was more important during nesting and brood rearing than during the winter. Therefore, some portions of grouse habitat may benefit from management for greater herbaceous cover, but never at the sake of less sagebrush. Sagebrush cover from 10 percent to 30 percent was the most consistent component of sage-grouse habita

Relationship of Wyoming Big Sagebrush Cover to Herbaceous Vegetation

We measured 328 sites in northern, central, and southern Montana and northern Wyoming during 2003 to test the relationship of herbaceous cover to Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata wyomingensis) cover. Long term annual precipitation at all sites was approximately 31 cm. Sagebrush and total herbaceous cover varied from 5 to 45 percent and 3.5 to 55 percent, respectively. Simple linear regression was the best fit model for predicting herbaceous cover from sagebrush cover using the highest Ra2 values as the model selection criteria. In northern Montana, herbaceous vegetation was predicted by sagebrush cover with the following model: Y = 37.4 – 0.61X (Ra2 = 0.16, P \u3c 0.001, n = 87). In central Montana, the model was Y = 14.0 – 0.00X (Ra2 = 0.00, P = 1.0, n = 155). In southern Montana, the model was Y = 35.9 – 0.39X (Ra2 = 0.14, P \u3c 0.001, n = 86). When all sites were combined, the best fit model was Y = 23.7 – 0.15X (Ra2 = 0.01, P \u3c 0.061, n = 328). This analysis determined that only 1 percent of the variation in herbaceous vegetation cover was associated with Wyoming big sagebrush cover. Management suggestions to reduce Wyoming big sagebrush in order to increase herbaceous production for greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) or livestock do not appear to be biologically sound. Keywords: Artemisia tridentata wyomingensis, line intercept, grass cover, Centrocercus urophasianus, forb cover, greater sage-grouse, sage-grouse habitat

Experimental sugar beet cultivars evaluated for rhizomania resistance and storability in Idaho, 2015

Rhizomania caused by Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) and storage losses are serious sugar beet production problems. To identify sugar beet cultivars with resistance to BNYVV and evaluate storability, 32 commercial cultivars were screened by growing them in a sugar beet field infested with BNYVV in Kimberly, ID during the 2015 growing season in a randomized complete block design with 6 replications. At harvest on 28-29 September 2015, roots were dug and evaluated for symptoms of rhizomania and also placed in an indoor commercial sugar beet storage building. After 136 days in storage, samples were evaluated for surface rot, weight loss, and sucrose loss. Surface root rot ranged from 8 to 81%, weight loss ranged from 8.0 to 21.0%, sucrose losses ranged from 25 to 89%, and estimated recoverable sucrose ranged from 439 to 8,261 lb/A. Given these response ranges, selecting cultivars for rhizomania resistance and combining this resistance with storability will lead to considerable economic benefit for the sugar beet industry

Elk and Fire Impacts on Mountain Big Sagebrush Range in Yellowstone

Range recovery after fire has many implications for wildlife habitat. It was our objective to determine the effect of elk herbivory on recovery of mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata vaseyana) – bluebunch wheatgrass (Agropyron spicatum) – Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis) winter range a decade after a 1988 wildfire on the Black-tailed Deer Plateau of the Northern Yellowstone Winter Range. Our hypotheses were that shrubs and herbaceous plants will recover from fire equally with or without elk herbivory. Measurements were taken in and out of exclosures established in 1957 and 1962 on environmentally paired, protected and browsed-grazed sites (n = 12). Mountain big sagebrush cover (n = 5) averaged 20 percent with protection and 9.7 percent where browsed (P ≤ 0.01). Mountain big sagebrush densities were not different (P ≤ 0.01). The sprouting shrubs, rubber rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus nauseosus), green rabbitbrush (C. viscidiflorus), and gray horsebrush (Tetradymia canescens), (n = 4) responded the same as mountain big sagebrush with cover of 5.8 percent and two percent where protected and browsed, respectively (P ≤ 0.001), with no overall difference in density (P ≤ 0.47). Few cover differences existed between individual pairs of protected and unprotected sites for herbaceous plants (n = 12). Similarly no cover differences were found over all sites for total herbaceous species, grasses, or forbs. We rejected our hypotheses for shrubs as elk herbivory did negatively impact shrub recovery after wildfire. Reductions of shrub cover and productivity in mountain big sagebrush-grass communities from wildfire and intense herbivory have implications for many organisms. Keywords: Artemisia tridentata, elk, fire, sagebrush, Yellowston

Commercial sugar beet cultivars evaluated for rhizomania resistance and storability in Idaho, 2014

Rhizomania caused by Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) and storage losses are serious sugar beet production problems. To identify sugar beet cultivars with resistance to BNYVV and evaluate storability, 33 commercial cultivars were screened by growing them in a sugar beet field infested with BNYVV in Kimberly, ID during the 2014 growing season in a randomized complete block design with 6 replications. At harvest on 24-25 September 2014, roots were dug and evaluated for symptoms of rhizomania and also placed in an indoor commercial sugar beet storage building. After 138 days in storage, samples were evaluated for surface rot, weight loss, and sucrose loss. Surface root rot ranged from 7 to 82%, weight loss ranged from 9.4 to 19.1%, sucrose losses ranged from 23 to 85%, and estimated recoverable sucrose ranged from 931 to 8,798 lb/A. Given these response ranges, selecting cultivars for rhizomania resistance and combining this resistance with storability will lead to considerable economic benefit for the sugar beet industry