Significance of Pelleting The Seed with Phosphate and Lime on The Cultivation of Soybean in Acid Soils in Sitiung, West Sumatera

Several experiments containing 2 field, 2 pot and I rhizotron were conducted to develop a low input agricultural practice(pelleting seed) for production of soybean plant (cv. Tidar) on heavily acid soils of Sitiung, West Sumatra. The field and polexperiments were conducted in Sitiung and in the greenhouse at the Agriculture Division, Center for the Application ofIsotopes and Radiation Technology, National Nuclear Energy Agency, Jakarta, respectively, in 1990 - 1992. The rhizotronexperiment was conducted in 1994 at the Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences.Wageningen University. Wageningen, The Netherlands. Lime-pel/eting seeds with the equivalent of 50 kg lime ha·1 increased nodulation, growth and yield both in unlimed and limed soils. Considerable increases in nodulatio, growth and yield were obtained when a small amount of P fertiliser (J 0 kg TSP ha·l ) was incorporated in the lime-pellet. The beneficial effects of both lime-pelleting and [lime+TSPj-pelleting were more pronounced on nodulation than on growth and yield. and greater in umimed soils than in limed soils. Large effects were obtained in nodulation, growth and yield of soybean in field experi1ltl!nts by pelleting seeds with lime or with lime + TSP. However, the pel/eted soybean plants grown in unlimed soils remained small and yields were negligible. To sustain growth and production of soybean in these acid soils, adequate quantities of lime and of P fertiliser would be necessary. In the present study, a combination of broadcast lime at 2.0 t ha-I with [lime+TSPj-pelleting of inoculated seeds was found superior to the application of 7.0 t ha-I of lime with inoculated seeds only. A I toxicity and P deficiency were the main problems in these acid soils. For the low-input production of soybeans considerations shOllld be directed to the correction of these factors

EFFECT OF BIOFERTILIZER ON GROWTH AND NITROGEN UPTAKE OF SOYBEAN PLANTS (Glycine max. L.) VARIETIES MITANI AND ANJASMORO

Application for Rhizobium in local farmers has to be developed to support sustainable agriculture. This research was conducted to determine the influence of Rhizobium as a biofertilizer on growth and Nitrogen (N) uptake of two varieties of soybean. The experiment was carried out from January to May 2011 in South Jakarta. Randomized Block Design (RBD) was used in this experiment with six treatments and four replicates. The treatments were: K0=uninoculated with biofertilizer without urea, K100=uninoculated but with urea 100% equal 75 kg/ha, SS=inoculated with single strain biofertizer without urea, MS= inoculated with multi strain biofertilizer without urea, SS+50 =inoculated single strain biofertilizer with 50% urea, MS+50= inoculated multi strain biofertilizer with urea 50%. The results showed that application of MS +50 gave the best result on plant height, N uptake, nodule number and dry shoot of soybean plant varieties Mitani. Application of SS +50 gave the best results on plant height, N uptake, nodule number, and dry shoot of soybean plants varieties Anjasmoro

EFFECT OF PHOSPHATE ON NODULE PRIMORDIA OF SOYBEAN (Glycine max Merrill) IN ACID SOILS IN RHIZOTRON EXPERIMENTS

To clarify whether P had a direct or indirect effect on the nodulation  process of soybean grown in acid soils from Sitiung, West Sumatra, Indonesia, a series of rhizotron experiments, with special attention given to formation of nodule primordia, was conducted at Laboratory of  Microbiology, Wageningen University in 1998-2000. It was shown that Ca and P were essential nutrients for root growth, nodule formation, and growth of soybean in the acid soils (Oxisols). Ca increased root growth, number of nodule primordia, nodules, and growth of the soybean plant. This positive effect of Ca was increased considerably by the application of P. Ca and P have a synergistic effect on biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) of soybean in acid soils. Ca is important for the establishment of nodules, whilst P is essential for the development and function of the formed nodules. P increased number of nodule primordia, thus it also has an important role in the initiation of nodule formation. From this study, it can be concluded that Ca and P are the most limiting nutrients for BNF of soybean in the acid soils of Sitiung, West Sumatra, Indonesia

Efek Pupuk Hayati Terhadap Serapan N (N-15) pada Fase Awal Pertumbuhan Tanaman Jagung

Efek Pupuk Hayati Terhadap Serapan N (N-15) pada Fase Awal Pertumbuhan Tanaman Jagung. Telah dipelajari dengan percobaan pot di rumah kaca PAIR BATAN. Inokulan mikrob Azotobacter vinelandii (A), Bacillus cereus (B), Bacillus megaterium (C), dan campuran dari ketiga jenis mikrob tersebut (ABC) digunakan sebagai pupuk hayati yang diaplikasikan pada tanaman jagung yang tumbuh dalam pot. Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) dengan 4 kali ulangan digunakan dalam percobaan ini. Parameter yang diukur meliputi serapan Nitrogen (N) tanaman, N berasal dari tanah, N berasal dari pupuk hayati dan berat kering tanaman pada 20 HST. Kandungan N berasal dari pupuk hayati dan N berasal dari tanah ditentukan dengan menggunakan teknik isotop N-15. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara signifikan aplikasi pupuk hayati ABC meningkatkan total N tanaman (142,42 %) dan berat kering tanaman (129,03 %) dari kontrol. Berdasarkaan analisis dengan teknik isotop N - 15 menunjukkan bahwa kontribusi yang paling signifikan dalam meningkatkan N tanaman (67,92 %) ditemukan pada perlakuan pupuk hayati ABC

Biological Nitrogen Fixation Of Soybean In Acid Soilsof Sumatra, Indonesia

The aim of this study is to improve soybean cultivation in transmigration areas, especially in Sitiung, West Sumatra. However, these soils are very acid, and have a high P-fixing capacity. To reduce the amounts of fertilisers, normally 5 - 7 ton lime ha ^-1 and 100 kg P as TSP, seed, pelleted with lime (60 kg ha ^-1 ) and TSP (10 kg ha ^-1 ), was introduced. In this way only 2 ton lime ha ^-1 are required.Soybean can fix nitrogen (BNF) in symbiosis with ( Brady ) Rhizobium bacteria. However, these acid soils in general, have low numbers of ( Brady ) Rhizobium . By inoculating the soils with ( Brady ) Rhizobium , BNF of soybean, and yield, were considerably improved.A study was made of the indigenous ( Brady ) Rhizobium population in view of the following:<ul><lem>Although at the beginning the numbers may be low, by repeated soybean cultivation, the numbers will increase, and they may interfere with inoculation of effective ( Brady ) Rhizobium strains.</lem><lem>These indigenous ( Brady ) Rhizobium are adapted to local stress conditions, and they may be useful for the improvement of strains, to be used as inoculants.</lem></ul>Using molecular techniques, indigenous strains derived from soil samples from old soybean areas (Java) and from new soybean areas (Sumatra) were classified in more detail. Most likely B. japonicum is the dominant strain in Java while in Sumatra B. elkanii is more present. A Sinorhizobium fredii -like strain was isolated from one soil sample from Java

Characterization and Phylogenetic Analysis of Soybean Rhizobial Strains from Java and Sumatra

Twenty-seven and twenty-four soybean rhizobial isolates from Java and Sumatra, respectively,were characterized. Based on cross-inoculation,  eight isolates from Java and nine from Sumatra could be grouped as soybean specific rhizobial species , while 19 isolates from Java and 15 from Sumatra were  promiscuous. ARDRA of intergenic spacer region of 16S-23S rDNA showed that the isolates from Java were different from those from Sumatra. Six soybean specific isolates from Java and one from Sumatra were in the same cluster with the reference strain, Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA 110, thus could be classified as B. japonicum. One soybean specific isolate from Java’s has a distinct position, while the other soybean specific isolate from Java was placed in another group dominated by isolates from Sumatra. The nineteen promiscuous isolates from Java were clustered in a different group. This group, together with the isolate with distinct position and the other group that were dominated by isolates from Sumatra, were distinct from B. japonicum USDA 110. Therefore it is tempting to speculate that they represent indigenous soybean rhizobial strains. Based on complete sequencing of the amplified 16S rDNA of 21 selected isolates, these isolates could be divided into three groups consisting of twelve Bradyrhizobium elkanii, eight Bradyrizobium japonicum and one Sinorhizobium fredii. Most of the B. elkanii strains were isolated from acid soils at Sitiung, West-Sumatra, while only two isolates were obtained from Java. Four isolates from Java, two isolates  from Sitiung, and two isolates from Bukit Tinggi were identified as B. japonicum. One isolate from Java with a distinct position on the ARDRA was identified as S. fredii